Structural Modeling of Knowledge, Attitude, and Prevention Practices of COVID-19 Among Online Food Delivery Services in Greater Jakarta Area, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
-
attitude, food handlers, food delivery workers, knowledge, practices
Abstract
This study aims to develop a structural model to assess knowledge, attitudes, and COVID-19 preventive practices among food handlers (FH) and food delivery workers (FDW) in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Given the region's high population density, the risk of COVID-19 transmission is heightened, making preventive practices essential. Data were collected from 675 respondents using a questionnaire consisting of 36 items. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results revealed that both knowledge (β= 0.959 for FH; β= 0.756 for FDW; p<0.05) and attitude (β= 0.546 for FH; β= 0.410 for FDW; p<0.05) positively impacted COVID-19 preventive practices. Attitude emerged as a crucial predictor, explaining a higher variance in FH prevention practices (R²= 0.346) than in FDW (R²= 0.174). The findings underscore the importance of strengthening attitudes toward preventive measures like hand washing, mask-wearing, and physical distancing, particularly among FDWs, to enhance safe food delivery practices. The structural model and insights provide a valuable framework for developing targeted interventions and strengthening public health preparedness for future pandemics or similar crises.
Full text article
References
Al-Zaman, M. S. (2021). Social media and COVID-19 misinformation: how ignorant facebook users are? Heliyon, 7(5), e07144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07144
Alahdal, H., Basingab, F., & Alotaibi, R. (2020). An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(10), 1446–1452 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.015
Alotiby, A. A., & Al-Harbi, L. N. (2021). Attitudes towards covid-19-related medical misinformation among healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers in saudi arabia during the pandemic: An online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116123
Azlan, A. A., Hamzah, M. R., Sern, T. J., Ayub, S. H., & Mohamad, E. (2020). Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668
Berawi, M. A. (2021). Innovative technology for post-pandemic economic recovery. International Journal of Technology, 12(1), 4691. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v12i1.4691
Bogor Regency Central Statistics Agency. (2022, 11 March). Penduduk menurut jenis kelamin dan Kecamatan (jiwa), 2020-2021. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor https://bogorkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjkjMg==/jumlah-penduduk.html
Bogor Regency Central Statistics Agency. (2024, 20 May). Luas wilayah (Km2), 2022-2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor. https://bogorkab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MzkjMg==/luas-wilayah.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2024, 11 June). Jumlah penduduk menurut kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin, 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bogor. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WVc0MGEyMXBkVFUxY2 5KeE9HdDZkbTQzWkVkb1p6MDkjMw==/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kelompok-umur-dan-jenis-kelamin--2023.html?year=2023
Central Statistics Agency of Depok City. (2023a, 13 March). Jumlah penduduk menurut kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin di Kota Depok, 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Depok. https://depokkota.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MzQjMg==/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kelompok-umur-dan-jenis-kelamin-di-kota-depok.html
Central Statistics Agency of Depok City. (2023b, 12 January). Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau Menurut Kecamatan di Kota Depok, 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Depok https://depokkota.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-kecamatan-di-kota-depok--2023.html?year=2023.
Central Statistics Agency of DKI Jakarta Province. (2022, 18 April). Jumlah penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta menurut kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin, 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/indicator/usat 12/111/3/jumlah-penduduk-provinsi-dki-jakarta-menurut-kelompok-umur-dan-jenis-kelamin.html
Chanana, N., & Sangeeta. (2021). Employee engagement practices during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4), e2508. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2508
Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schüneman, H J., & COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 1973–1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
Demographic Institute FEB UI. (2020, n.d). Dampak GOJEK terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Lembaga Demografi. https://ldfebui.org/ penelitian/ringkasan-penelitian/dampak-gojek-terhadap-perekonomian-indonesia-di-2018/
Dhand, R., & Li, J. (2020). Coughs and Sneezes: Their Role in Transmission of Respiratory Viral Infections, including SARS-CoV-2. American Journal of Respiratoy and Critical Care Medicine, 202(5). 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-1263PP
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6, 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office. (2021, 12 January). Data pemantauan Covid-19 DKI Jakarta. Data Pemantauan Covid-19. https://corona.jakarta.go.id/id/data-pemantauan.
Ellinda-Patra, M. W., Dewanti-Hariyadi, R., & Nurtama, B. (2020). Modeling of food safety knowledge, attitude, and behavior characteristics. Food Research, 4(4), 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).375
Farooq, A., Laato, S., & Najmul Islam, A. K. M. (2020. Impact of online information on self-isolation intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e19128. https://doi.org/10.2196/19128
Gao, H., Hu, R., Yin, L., Yuan, X., Tang, H., Luo, L., Chen, M., Huang, D., Wang, Y., Yu, A., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Chinese public with respect to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): An online cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1816. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09961-2
Gu, D., Guo, J., Liang, C., Lu, W., Zhao, S., Liu, B., & Long, T. (2019). Social media-based health management systems and sustained health engagement: TPB perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091495
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F, Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hussain, S., Fangwei, Z., Siddiqi, A. F., Ali, Z., & Shabbir, M. S. (2018). Structural equation model for evaluating factors affecting quality of social infrastructure projects. Sustainability, 10(5), 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051415
[ICMSF] International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Food. (2020, 3 September). ICMSF opinion on SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship to food safety. International Union of Microbiological Societies. https://www. icmsf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ICMSF 2020-Letterhead-COVID-19-opinion-final-03-Sept-2020.BF_.pdf.
Kang, D., Choi, H., Kim, J-H., & Choi, J. (2020). Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.076
Kemp, S. (2021, 11 February). Digital 2021: Indonesia. Datareportal. https://datareportal. com/reports/digital-2021-indonesia.
Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretcon ser.2020.102224
Lee, M., kang, B. A., & You, M. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in South Korea. BMC Public Health, 21, 295. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10285-y
Limbong, J., Kuswinarti, K., & Sitorus, T. D. R. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate students. Althea Medical Journal, 8(2), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v8n2.2282
Limon, M. R. (2021). Food safety practices of food handlers at home engaged in online food businesses during COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Current Research in Food Science, 4, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.01.001
Machida, M., Nakamura, I., Saito, R., Nakaya, T., Hanibuchi, T., Takamiya, T., Odagiri, Y., Fukushima, N., Kikuchi, H., Kojima, T., Watanabe, H., & Inoue, S. (2020). Adoption of personal protective measures by ordinary citizens during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.014
Maskey, R., Fei, J., & Nguyen, H. O. (2018). Use of exploratory factor analysis in maritime research. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 34(2), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl. 2018.06.006
Menni, C., Valdes, A. M., Freidin, M. B., Sudre, C. H., Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Ganesh, S., Varsavsky, T., Cardoso, M. J., El-Sayed Moustafa, J. S., Visconti, A., Hysi, P., Bowyer, R. C. E., Mangino, M., Falchi, M., Wolf, J., Ourselin, S., Chan, A. T., Steves, C. J., & Spector, T. D. (2020). Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26, 1307–1040. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2
Mieth, L., Mayer, M. M., Hoffmann, A., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2021). Do they really wash their hands? Prevalence estimates for personal hygiene behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic based on indirect questions. BMC Public Health, 21, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12889-020-10109-5
Muhandri, F., & Ilham, M. (2021). Policy implementation effectiveness of community activities restrictions (PPKM) in control of the spread of covid-19 in Bandung City. Jurnal Konstituen, 3(2), 83–106.
Mutaqin, M. Z., Dewanti-Hariyadi, R., & Nurtama, B. (2023). Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among online food delivery services during COVID-19 pandemic in Jabodetabek area, Indonesia. Food Research, 7(5), 318–331. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(5).059
Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020). Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA, 323(16), 1610–1612. https://doi.org/10. 1001/jama.2020.3227
Pascawati, N. A., & Satoto, T. B. T. (2020). Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19. International Journal of Public Health Science, 9(4), 292–302. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v9i4.20539
Pequeno, P., Mendel, B., Rosa, C., Bosholn, M., Souza, J. L., Baccaro, F., Barbosa, R., & Magnusson, W. (2020). Air transportation, population density and temperature predict the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil. PeerJ, 8, e9322. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9322
Pramudita, B. A. (2020, 13 April). Dipukul covid-19 habis-habisan, 10 sektor bisnis ini paling babak belur. Warta Ekonomi. https://wartaekonomi.co.id/read280898/dipukulcovid-19-habis-habisan-10-sektor-bisnis-ini-paling-babak-belur/1.
Pratiwi, Y. R. (2022, 22 February). Pemulihan perekonomian Indonesia setelah kontraksi akibat pandemi COVID-19. Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://www. djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-banjarmasin/baca-artikel/14769/Pemulihan-Perekonomian-Indonesia-Setelah-Kontraksi-Akibat-Pandemi-Covid-19.html.
Rocklöv, J., & Sjödin, H. (2020). High population densities catalyse the spread of COVID-19. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), taaa038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa038
Saefi, M., Fauzi, A., Kristiana, E., Adi, W. C., Muchson, M., Setiawan, M. E., Islami, N. N., Ningrum, D. E. A. F., Ikhsan, M. A., & Ramadhani, M. (2020). Validating of know-ledge, attitudes, and practices questionnaire for prevention of COVID-19 infections among Undergraduate Students: A RASCH and Factor Analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 16(12), em1926. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9352
Shahi, G. K., Dirkson, A., & Majchrzak, T. A. (2021). An exploratory study of COVID-19 misinformation on Twitter. Online Social Networks and Media, 22, 100104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100104
Talwar, M., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Tripathy, N., & Dhir, A. (2021). Has financial attitude impacted the trading activity of retail investors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102341
Tangerang City Central Statistics Agency. (2022, 25 February). Kota Tangerang dalam angka (Tangerang municipality in figures). Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Tangerang. https://tangerangkota.bps.go.id/id/publication/2022/02/25/b1553f858000655a3281371d/kota-tangerang-dalam-angka-2022.html
Task Force for Handling Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). (2021, n.d). Perkembangan harian kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 berdasarkan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat. Open Data Jabar. https://opendata.jabarprov. go.id/id/dataset/perkembangan-harian-kasus-terkonfirmasi-positif-covid-19-berdasarkan-kabupatenkota-di-jawa-barat.
Teslya, A., Pham, T. M., Godijk, N. G., Kretzschmar, M. E., Bootsma, M. C. J., & Rozhnova, G. (2020). Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study. PLoS Medicine, 17(12), e1003499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003499
The Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force. (2023, n.d). Distribution data of COVID-19. https://p2p.kem kes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FINAL_ 231123_Layout_Covid19_Versi-Inggris.pdf.
Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00123-9
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., de Wit, E., & Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1564–1567. https://doi.org/10. 1056/NEJMc2004973
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2023, n.d). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19). WHO Data. https://covid19.who.int/
Wong, C. L., Chen, J., Chow, K. M., Law, B. M. H., Chan, D. N. S., So, W. K. W., Leung, A. W. Y., & Chan, C. W. H. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 amongst ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217878
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2020a, 16 May). Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in the context of COVID-19: Interim uidance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/cleaning-and-disinfection-of-environmental-surfaces-inthe-context-of-covid-19.
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2020b, 7 April). COVID-19 and food safety: Guidance for food businesses: Interim guidance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-and-food-safety-guidance-for-food-businesses.
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2020c, n. d). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). World Health Organization https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/novel-coronavirus/qa.
Yesuf, M., & Abdu, M. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, prevention practice, and associated factors toward COVID-19 among preparatory school students in Southwest Ethiopia, 2021. PLoS ONE, 17(1), e0262907. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262907
Zhao, Y., & Bacao, F. (2020). What factors determining customer continuingly using food delivery apps during 2019 novel coronavirus pandemic period? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102683
Zhong, B. L., Luo, W., Li, H. M., Zhang, Q. Q., Liu, X. G., Li, W. T., & Li, Y. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1745–1752. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45221
Zielinski, C. (2021). Infodemics and infodemiology: A short history, a long future. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 45, e40. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.40