ADAPTING INTERNET PARENTAL MEDIATION SURVEY: A PILOT STUDY

Adaptasi Survei Mediasi Orang Tua dalam Penggunaan Internet: Studi Awal

Authors

  • Aliya Ulfa Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Raya Bandung Street, Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia Author
  • Lenny Kendhawati Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Raya Bandung Street, Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia Author
  • Marisa Fransiska Moeliono Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Raya Bandung Street, Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2025.18.3.275

Keywords:

adaptation, early adolescent, ITC, parental mediation, pilot study

Abstract

Adaptation of the parental mediation tool see how parents mediate children's internet for two main reasons, that culture can affect parenting and there is no measuring tool that looks at parenting that specifically looks at parental interactions with children's internet use. This study aims to report the results of the adaptation of parental mediation tool from Global Kids Online (GKO). In order to adapt this measurement tool to Indonesian, a pilot study was carried out. The participants of this study were 112 parents of early adolescents. In carrying out the adaptation, International Test Commision (ITC) Guidelines of Translating and Adapting Tests are used where there is a process of translation, review, and testing of instruments. Translation process was carried out using the back-translation method by a professional translator, the review was carried out by five people and the measuring instrument trials were processed with CTT and CFA for five parental mediation strategies. CTT results with item discrimination, factor loading, and reliability tests using Cronbach's alpha showed that with total of 42 items, two items were discarded. From CFA processing based on chi-square values, RMSEA, SRMR, CFI, and TLI, the adaptation of the measurement tools in this pilot study is fit and can be continued.

References

Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. (2020). Laporan Survei Internet APJII 2019 – 2020. Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia, 2020, 1–146. https://apjii.or.id/survei

Bartram, D., Berberoglu, G., Grégoire, J., Hambleton, R., Muniz, J., & van de Vijver, F. (2018). ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second Edition). International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166

Borca, G., Bina, M., Keller, P. S., Gilbert, L. R., & Begotti, T. (2015). Internet Use and Developmental Tasks: Adolescents’ Point of View. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.029

Demirbüken, İ., Özgül, B., Timurtaş, E., Yurdalan, S. U., Çekin, M. D., & Polat, M.

G. (2019). Gender and age impact on plantar pressure distribution in early adolescence. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica, 53(3), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aott.2019.01.006

Dhahir, D. F. (2018). Internet parenting upon Indonesian children. Journal Pekommas, 3(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.30818/jpkm.2018.2030206

Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Dürager, A., & Sonck, N. (2014). Testing the reliability of scales on parental internet mediation (EU Kids Online, LSE). The London School of Economics and Political Science. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/60220/

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics 26 step by step. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765

Global Kids Online. (2020). GLOBAL KIDS ONLINE survey guide (May, pp. 1–17). http://www.globalkidsonline.net/tools

Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.

Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Jordan, A. B., & Romer, D. (2015). The protective effects of parental monitoring and internet restriction on adolescents’ risk of online harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1039–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0242-4

Lathiifah, D. A., Qodariah, L., & Abidin, F. A. (2023). Problematic smartphone use in adolescents: Parental structure and parental psychological control as predictors. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 16(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2023.16.1.50

Lee, S.-J. (2012). Parental restrictive mediation of children’s internet use: Effective for what and for whom? New Media & Society, 15(4), 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812452412

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children: Full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9–16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries (EU Kids Online). London School of Economics and Political Science. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/1/Risks%20and%20safety%20on%20the%20internet%28lsero%29.pdf

Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 52(4), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150802437396

Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277

Luthfia, A. (2019). The analysis of Indonesian teenagers’ motives for using the Internet. In 2019 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) (pp. 87–92). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMTech.2019.8843760

Maulida, I. S., Anindhita, V., & Abidin, F. A. (2023). Family rituals and problematic smartphone use in adolescents. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 16(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2023.16.1.13

Nathanson, A. I. (2004). Factual and evaluative approaches to modifying children’s responses to violent television. Journal of Communication, 54(2), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02631.x

O’Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S., & Reilly, P. (2018). Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104518775154

Ortega-Barón, J., Machimbarrena, J. M., Montiel, I., Buelga, S., Basterra-González, A., & González-Cabrera, J. (2021). Design and validation of the brief self online scale (so-8) in early adolescence: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(7), 1055–1071. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431620978539

Qi, Y., & Mo, S. (2016). Active mediation of parents in the use of media in children and adolescents. Advances in Psychological Science, 24(8), 1290–1299. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.01290

Ren, W., & Zhu, X. (2022). Parental mediation and adolescents’ internet use: the moderating role of parenting style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(8), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01600-w

SalmelaAro, K. (2011). Stages of adolescence. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (Vol. 1, pp. 360–368). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00043-0

Salomon, I., & Brown, C. S. (2019). The selfie generation: examining the relationship between social media use and early adolescent body image. Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(4), 539–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618770809

Sekarasih, L. (2016). Restricting, distracting, and reasoning: Parental mediation of young children’s use of mobile communication technology in Indonesia. In Mobile Communication in Asia (pp. 129–146). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7441-3_8

Shin, W. (2017). Active mediation of television, internet and mobile advertising. Young Consumers, 18(4), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-06-2017-00700

Sonck, N., Nikken, P., & de Haan, J. (2013). Determinants of internet mediation: Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.739806

Sperber, A. D. (2004). Translation and validation of study instruments for cross-cultural research. Gastroenterology, 126(1), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.016

Srinivasan, R., & Lohith, C. P. (2017). Pilot study—assessment of validity and reliability. In India Studies in Business and Economics (pp. 43–49). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3590-6_6

Steinberg, L. (2016). Adolescence (11th ed.). McGrawHill Education.

Vaala, S. E., & Bleakley, A. (2015). Monitoring, mediating, and modeling: parental influence on adolescent computer and internet use in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 9(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.997103

Van Den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Koning, I. M., Doornwaard, S. M., Van Gurp, F., & Ter Bogt, T. F. M. (2018). The impact of heavy and disordered use of games and social media on adolescents’ psychological, social, and school functioning. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.65

Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C. (2017). Rethinking internal consistency in Cronbach’s alpha. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189

Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Budé, L., Spigt, M., Serroyen, J., & Crutzen, R. (2015). A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(11), 1375–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014

Warren, R. (2005). Parental mediation of children’s television viewing in low-income families. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 847–863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03026.x

Wartberg, L., Kriston, L., Kramer, M., Schwedler, A., Lincoln, T. M., & Kammerl, R. (2017). Internet gaming disorder in early adolescence: Associations with parental and adolescent mental health. European Psychiatry, 43(2016), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.013

Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6

Yusuf, M., Witro, D., Diana, R., Santosa, T. A., Alfikri, A. ‘Alwiyah, & Jalwis, J. (2020). Digital parenting to children using the internet. Pedagogik Journal of Islamic Elementary School, 3(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.24256/pijies.v3i1.1277

Downloads

Published

2025-12-31

How to Cite

Ulfa, A., Kendhawati, L., & Moeliono, M. F. (2025). ADAPTING INTERNET PARENTAL MEDIATION SURVEY: A PILOT STUDY: Adaptasi Survei Mediasi Orang Tua dalam Penggunaan Internet: Studi Awal. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 18(3), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2025.18.3.275