Dairy Goat Farming at Different Altitudes in Indonesia: Implications for Feeding Practices, Milk Quality, and Manure Management

Abstract

Due to its rich nutritional profile, goat milk is increasingly recognized as a viable alternative to cow’s
milk for human consumption. However, variation between dairy farming systems at different altitudes is unknown. This study aimed to compare dairy goat farm performances across three altitudinal zones in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were collected from three representative farms located at high (F1), mid (F2), and low (F3) altitude. Structured interviews were conducted to capture feeding, milking, and manure management practices. Samples of milk, feed, and manure were collected for laboratory analysis. Results indicate that the daily dry matter intake (DMI) ranging from 1.6 to 3.7 kg per animal. Average milk production was 1.10 kg head⁻¹ day⁻¹ in F1, 0.65 kg head⁻¹ day⁻¹ in F2, and 0.83 kg head⁻¹ day⁻¹ in F3. Goat milk on farm F3 exhibited significantly higher somatic cell counts and lower milk fat content compared with F1 and F2 (P < 0.05). In contrast, F2 showed significantly higher milk protein, SNF, and lactose concentrations (P < 0.05). Heat stress assessment indicated severe stress in goats at F1 and F2, while F3 experienced extreme heat stress. In conclusion, altitude influenced thermal stress levels in dairy goats, whereas farm management practices were important for determining milk yield and milk quality.