Morphological and Productive Correlations of Cutting Pennisetum Varieties Under Conditions of Peruvian Humid Tropics
Abstract
Livestock farming in the Peruvian tropics is based on the use of grazing forage, but cutting grasses offers greater productivity and seasonality advantages. In this study, the morphological and productive characteristics of King Grass Morado (KGM), Cuba OM-22 (CU), and Maralfalfa (MA) were evaluated and correlated with chlorophyll content under Peruvian humid tropic conditions. Five plots of 1 ha each were installed for the three Pennisetum varieties (2-1-2), with three samples per plot. No significant differences were found in plant height, leaf length, number of nodes, number of leaves/stem, number of stems, stem circumference, length of nodes, leaf, stems, and total weight, chlorophyll index (atLEAF CLOR), performance index (API), and dry matter. KGM stood out in tillering (12.86) (p<0.01), but CU and MA showed greater leaf width (4.16 and 4.42 cm, respectively) (p<0.05). The calculated biomass production was 40.3 t/ha for KGM, 24.5 t/ha for MA, and 76.5 t/ha for CU. MA had higher nitrogen (0.70%) and protein (4.33%) contents (p<0.01). The correlations were significant between stem height with the number of nodes and leaf width, stem circumference with stem, leaf, and total weight (p<0.05), and nitrogen and protein content were estimated with the atLEAF CLOR and API values of the basal leaves with R2 = 0.548 and R2 = 0.563, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, KGM, CU, and MA differed in some morphological and productive variables and were correlated with others; furthermore, the protein content could be estimated with the atLEAF CLOR and API values in these Pennisetum varieties.
References
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Dunn, B. L., H. Singh, M. Payton, & S. Kincheloe. 2018. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on SPAD-502 and atLEAF sensor readings of Salvia. J. Plant Nutr. 41:1674-1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1458874
Ernawati, A., L. Abdullah, I. G. Permana, & P. D. Karti. 2023. Morphological responses, biomass production and nutrient of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Pakchong under different planting patterns and harvesting ages. Biodiversitas 24:3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240640
Fassio, A., W. Ibañez, E. Fernández, D. Cozzolino, O. Pérez, E. Restaino, A. Pascal, C. Rabaza, & G. Vergara. 2018. El Cultivo de Maíz Para la Producción de Forraje y Grano y la Influencia del Agua. Serie Técnica 239. INIA. Unidad de Comunicación y Transferencia de Tecnología del INIA (Eds). Montevideo, Uruguay. p. 59.
González-Blanco, J. L., O. González-Paneque, A. Puertas-Arias, J. Machado-Castillo, & I. Miranda-Cabrera. 2018. Performance in two cultivars of Pennisetum purpureum Schumach at different doses of organic and mineral fertilization. Rev. Arbit. Inter. Koinonía 3:96-108.
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ISO. 1995. ISO 11261: Soil Quality. Determination of total nitrogen. Modified Kjeldahl Method. First Edition. International Organization for Standarization (ISO), Geneva.
Jaime, A., M. Rosemberg, & M. Echevarría. 2019. Effect of age and season on the yield and nutritive value of Morado elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum) in the central coast. Sci. Agropecu. 10:137-141. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2019.01.15
Kefyalew, A., B. Alemu, & A. Tsegaye. 2020. Effects of fertilization and harvesting age on yield and quality of Desho (Pennisetum pedicellatum) grass under irrigation, in Dehana district, Wag Hemra Zone, Ethiopia. Agriculture Forestry Ficheries 9:113-121. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.13
Martín, I., N. Alonso, M. López, M. Prieto, C. Cadahía, & E. Eymar. 2007. Estimation of leaf, root, and sap nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for ornamental shrubs. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38:1785-1803. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701435555
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MINAGRI. 2017. Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego. Diagnóstico de crianzas priorizadas para el plan ganadero 2017-2021. May 30, 2020. Available on http://repositorio.minagri.gob.pe/jspui/bitstream/MINAGRI/328/1/plan-ganadero-2017-2021.pdf [May 30, 2023].
Ontiveros-Capurata, R. E., P. Juárez-López, R. O. Mendoza-Tafolla, I. Alia-Tejacal, O. G. Villegas-Torres, D. Guillén-Sánchez, & A. D. Cartmill. 2022. Relationship between chlorophyll and nitrogen concentration, and fresh matter production in basil ‘Nufar’ (Ocimum basilicum) with three handheld chlorophyll meter readings: SPAD, atLEAF and MC-100. Rev. Chapingo, Ser. Hortic. 28:189-202. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2021.09.018
Ordaz-Contreras, R., E. Sosa-Montes, S. I. Mendoza-Pedroza, R. D. Améndola-Massiotti, S. Reyes-Castro, E. Ortega-Jiménez, S. Joaquín-Cancino, & A. Hernández-Garay. 2018. Chemical composition of the King Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) at different cutting interval. Agro Productividad 11:134-139.
Ortiz, F., O. Reyes, F. O. Carrete, J. F. Sánchez, E. Herrera, M. Murillo, & R. Rosales. 2017. Nutritional and fermentative quality of maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) silages at different cutting ages and ground corn levels. Rev. Fac. Cienc. Agrar. 49:345-353.
Pakwan, C., A. Jampeetong, & H. Brix. 2020. Interactive effects of N form and P concentration on growth and tissue composition of hybrid napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum americanum). Plants 9:1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9081003
Prudencio-Velásquez, D. M., Y. N. Hidalgo-Vásquez, N. H. Chagray-Ameri, F. E. Airahuacho-Bautista, & R. M. Maguiña-Maza. 2020. Forage production and quality of three species of the genus Pennisetum in the high Andean zone of Ancash. Rev. Invest. Innov. Agropec. Rec. Nat. 7:21-29.
Ribeiro, R. E., A. C. Mello, M. V. Cunha, M. V. Santos, S. B. Costa, J. J. Coelho, R. O. Carvalho, & V. J. Silva. 2023. Water use efficiency and yield responses of Cenchrus purpureus genotypes under irrigation. J. Agric. Sci. 161:572-580. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859623000461
Rodrigues, R. C., T. V. Sousa, M. A. Melo, J. S. Araújo, R. P. Lana, C. S. Costa, M. E. Oliveira, M. O. Parente, & I. B. Sampaio. 2014. Agronomic, morphogenic and structural characteristics of tropical forage grasses in northeast Brazil. Tropical Grasslands Forrajes Tropicales 2:214-222. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(2)214-222
Rusdy, M., S. Baba, S. Garantjang, & I. Syarif. 2019. Effects of supplementation with Gliricidia sepium leaves on performance of Bali cattle fed elephant grass. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 31:84.
Tilahun, G., B. Asmare, & Y. Mekuriaw. 2017. Effects of harvesting age and spacing on plant characteristics, chemical composition and yield of desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) in the highlands of Ethiopia. Tropical Grasslands Forrajes Tropicales 5:77-84. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(5)77-84
Tubeileh, A., T. J. Rennie, & M. J. Goss. 2016. A review on biomass production from C4 grasses: Yield and quality for end-use. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 31:172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.001
Uvidia, H., J. Ramírez, J. Vargas, I. Leonard, & J. Sucoshañay. 2015. Yield and quality of the Pennisetum purpureum vc Maralfalfa in the Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Rev. Electron. de Vet. 16:1-11.
Villanueva-Avalos, J., A. Vázquez-González, & A. Quero-Carrillo. 2022. Agronomic attributes and forage production in ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus under subhumid tropical conditions. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agric. 13:1-9.
Animasaun, D. A., H. P. Rathod, & R. Krishnamurthy. 2018. Analysis of forage yield and nutritional contents of Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) and Pennisetum purpureum (Napier grass) accessions. Cuban Journal Agricultural Science 52:447-455. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/832
Araya, M. & C. Boschini. 2005. Producción de forraje y calidad nutricional de variedades de Pennisetum purpureum en la Meseta Central de Costa Rica. Agron. Mesoam. 16:37-43. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v16i1.5180
Basyouni, R., B. Dunn, & C. Goad. 2015. Use of nondestructive sensors to assess nitrogen status in potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima L. (Willd. Ex Klotzsch)) production. Sci. Hortic. 192:47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.05.011
Benabderrahim, M. A. & W. Elfalleh. 2021. Forage potential of non-native Guinea grass in north African agroecosystems: Genetic, agronomic, and adaptive traits. Agronomy 11:1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061071
Botero-Londoño, J. M., E. M. Celis-Celis, & M. A. Botero-Londoño. 2021. Nutritional quality, nutrient uptake and biomass production of Pennisetum purpureum cv. King grass. Sci. Rep. 11:13799. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93301-w
Budiman, B., R. D. Soetrisno, S. P. S. Budhi, & A. Indrianto. 2012. Morphological characteristics, productivity and quality of three Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) cultivars harvested at different age. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric. 37:294-301. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.37.4.294-301
Buso, W., A. França, E. Miyagi, R. Ferreira, & D. Corrêa. 2016. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on carbohydrate and protein fractions in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivars. Tropical Grasslands Forrajes Tropicales 4:47-53. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(4)47-53
Calzada-Marín, J. M., J. F. Enríquez-Quiroz, A. Hernández-Garay, E. Ortega-Jiménez, & S. L. Mendoza-Pedroza. 2014. Growth analysis of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp.) in a warm humid climate. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu. 5:247-260. https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v5i2.3664
Cerdas-Ramírez, R., E. Vidal-Veja, & J. C. Vargas-Rojas. 2021. Productivity of Cuba OM-22 grass (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum) with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. InterSedes 22:136-161. https://doi.org/10.15517/isucr.v22i45.47069
Clavijo, O. 2016. Manual del forraje Pennisetum sp. Cuba OM-22 (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum) la Plata (Huila): SENA Regional Huila, Edit. Surcolombiana.
Croft, H., J. M. Chen, X. Luo, P. Bartlett, B. Chen, & R. M. Staebler. 2017. Leaf chlorophyll content as a proxy for leaf photosynthetic capacity. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23:3513-3524. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13599
Deregibus, V. A., M. J. Trlica, & D. A. Jameson. 2018. Organic Reserves in Herbage Plants: their Relationship to Grassland Management. In: Rechcigl (Ed). Handbook of Agricultural Productivity. Volumen I: Plant Productivity. 1st Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton. p. 30.
Delevatti, L. M., A. S. Cardoso, R. P. Barbero, R. G. Leite, E. P. Romanzini, A. C. Ruggieri, & R. A. Reis. 2019. Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture. Sci. Rep. 9:7596. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44138-x
Dixon, A. P., D. Faber-Langendoen, C. Josse, J. Morrison, & C. J. Loucks. 2014. Distribution mapping of world grassland types. J. Biogeogr. 41:2003-2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12381
Dunn, B. L., H. Singh, M. Payton, & S. Kincheloe. 2018. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on SPAD-502 and atLEAF sensor readings of Salvia. J. Plant Nutr. 41:1674-1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1458874
Ernawati, A., L. Abdullah, I. G. Permana, & P. D. Karti. 2023. Morphological responses, biomass production and nutrient of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Pakchong under different planting patterns and harvesting ages. Biodiversitas 24:3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240640
Fassio, A., W. Ibañez, E. Fernández, D. Cozzolino, O. Pérez, E. Restaino, A. Pascal, C. Rabaza, & G. Vergara. 2018. El Cultivo de Maíz Para la Producción de Forraje y Grano y la Influencia del Agua. Serie Técnica 239. INIA. Unidad de Comunicación y Transferencia de Tecnología del INIA (Eds). Montevideo, Uruguay. p. 59.
González-Blanco, J. L., O. González-Paneque, A. Puertas-Arias, J. Machado-Castillo, & I. Miranda-Cabrera. 2018. Performance in two cultivars of Pennisetum purpureum Schumach at different doses of organic and mineral fertilization. Rev. Arbit. Inter. Koinonía 3:96-108.
Hermitaño-Osorio, F. M., A. R. Bernal-Marcelo, F. C. Tantahuillca-Landeo, F. Trillo-Zárate, M. Calderón-Montes, P. Quiroga-Espilco, J. Nuñez-Delgado, & A. R. Rodríguez-Vargas. 2022. Growth dynamics and nutritional value of Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) in three cutting ages and two seasons in the Peruvian tropics. Rev. Investig. Vet. Perú 33:e23337. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v33i4.23337
Irving, L. J. 2015. Carbon assimilation, biomass partitioning and productivity in grasses. Agriculture 5:1116-1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5041116
ISO. 1995. ISO 11261: Soil Quality. Determination of total nitrogen. Modified Kjeldahl Method. First Edition. International Organization for Standarization (ISO), Geneva.
Jaime, A., M. Rosemberg, & M. Echevarría. 2019. Effect of age and season on the yield and nutritive value of Morado elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum) in the central coast. Sci. Agropecu. 10:137-141. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2019.01.15
Kefyalew, A., B. Alemu, & A. Tsegaye. 2020. Effects of fertilization and harvesting age on yield and quality of Desho (Pennisetum pedicellatum) grass under irrigation, in Dehana district, Wag Hemra Zone, Ethiopia. Agriculture Forestry Ficheries 9:113-121. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20200904.13
Martín, I., N. Alonso, M. López, M. Prieto, C. Cadahía, & E. Eymar. 2007. Estimation of leaf, root, and sap nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for ornamental shrubs. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 38:1785-1803. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701435555
Mendoza-Tafolla, R. O., P. Juárez-López, R. E. Ontiveros-Capurata, I. Alia-Tejacal, D. Guillén-Sánchez, O. G. Villegas-Torres, & A. T. Chávez-Bárcenas. 2022. Estimation of concentration of chlorophyll, N, and biomass using non-destructive measurements in arugula (Eruca sativa). Bioagro 34:151-162. https://doi.org/10.51372/bioagro342.5
MINAGRI. 2017. Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego. Diagnóstico de crianzas priorizadas para el plan ganadero 2017-2021. May 30, 2020. Available on http://repositorio.minagri.gob.pe/jspui/bitstream/MINAGRI/328/1/plan-ganadero-2017-2021.pdf [May 30, 2023].
Ontiveros-Capurata, R. E., P. Juárez-López, R. O. Mendoza-Tafolla, I. Alia-Tejacal, O. G. Villegas-Torres, D. Guillén-Sánchez, & A. D. Cartmill. 2022. Relationship between chlorophyll and nitrogen concentration, and fresh matter production in basil ‘Nufar’ (Ocimum basilicum) with three handheld chlorophyll meter readings: SPAD, atLEAF and MC-100. Rev. Chapingo, Ser. Hortic. 28:189-202. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2021.09.018
Ordaz-Contreras, R., E. Sosa-Montes, S. I. Mendoza-Pedroza, R. D. Améndola-Massiotti, S. Reyes-Castro, E. Ortega-Jiménez, S. Joaquín-Cancino, & A. Hernández-Garay. 2018. Chemical composition of the King Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) at different cutting interval. Agro Productividad 11:134-139.
Ortiz, F., O. Reyes, F. O. Carrete, J. F. Sánchez, E. Herrera, M. Murillo, & R. Rosales. 2017. Nutritional and fermentative quality of maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) silages at different cutting ages and ground corn levels. Rev. Fac. Cienc. Agrar. 49:345-353.
Pakwan, C., A. Jampeetong, & H. Brix. 2020. Interactive effects of N form and P concentration on growth and tissue composition of hybrid napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum americanum). Plants 9:1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9081003
Prudencio-Velásquez, D. M., Y. N. Hidalgo-Vásquez, N. H. Chagray-Ameri, F. E. Airahuacho-Bautista, & R. M. Maguiña-Maza. 2020. Forage production and quality of three species of the genus Pennisetum in the high Andean zone of Ancash. Rev. Invest. Innov. Agropec. Rec. Nat. 7:21-29.
Ribeiro, R. E., A. C. Mello, M. V. Cunha, M. V. Santos, S. B. Costa, J. J. Coelho, R. O. Carvalho, & V. J. Silva. 2023. Water use efficiency and yield responses of Cenchrus purpureus genotypes under irrigation. J. Agric. Sci. 161:572-580. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859623000461
Rodrigues, R. C., T. V. Sousa, M. A. Melo, J. S. Araújo, R. P. Lana, C. S. Costa, M. E. Oliveira, M. O. Parente, & I. B. Sampaio. 2014. Agronomic, morphogenic and structural characteristics of tropical forage grasses in northeast Brazil. Tropical Grasslands Forrajes Tropicales 2:214-222. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(2)214-222
Rusdy, M., S. Baba, S. Garantjang, & I. Syarif. 2019. Effects of supplementation with Gliricidia sepium leaves on performance of Bali cattle fed elephant grass. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 31:84.
Tilahun, G., B. Asmare, & Y. Mekuriaw. 2017. Effects of harvesting age and spacing on plant characteristics, chemical composition and yield of desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) in the highlands of Ethiopia. Tropical Grasslands Forrajes Tropicales 5:77-84. https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(5)77-84
Tubeileh, A., T. J. Rennie, & M. J. Goss. 2016. A review on biomass production from C4 grasses: Yield and quality for end-use. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 31:172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.001
Uvidia, H., J. Ramírez, J. Vargas, I. Leonard, & J. Sucoshañay. 2015. Yield and quality of the Pennisetum purpureum vc Maralfalfa in the Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Rev. Electron. de Vet. 16:1-11.
Villanueva-Avalos, J., A. Vázquez-González, & A. Quero-Carrillo. 2022. Agronomic attributes and forage production in ecotypes of Cenchrus purpureus under subhumid tropical conditions. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agric. 13:1-9.
Authors
Pinchi-CarbajalS. F., Quispe-CcasaH. A., Ampuero-TrigosoG., Nolasco-LozanoE., & Saucedo-UriarteJ. A. (2024). Morphological and Productive Correlations of Cutting Pennisetum Varieties Under Conditions of Peruvian Humid Tropics. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 47(3), 363-370. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2024.47.3.363
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