Determinants of Cost Inefficiency and Farmer Performance in Broiler Contract Farming

J. M. M. AJi, M. Rondhi, A. Suwandari, T. D. Hapsari, J. Januar, R. Yanuarti, Rokhani

Abstract

The broiler industry plays an important role in meeting the growing demand for animal protein. Ensuring favorable farming conditions are needed to maintain the meat supply, and theoretically, this can be improved through the implementation of Contract Farming (CF). CF grants farmers the privilege to predict quantities, prices, and reduce production risks. However, one of the key challenges in establishing CF is the cost efficiency and performance of farmers. This study aims to develop a cost function for farmers, identify factors contributing to inefficiency, and evaluate farmer performance. The purposive sampling method is employed to select broiler farmers participating in contract farming as the sample for this study. Primary data were collected through surveys. Stochastic frontier cost analysis is utilized to derive a broiler cost function while examining the causes of farm inefficiency and their relationship with farmers’ performance variables. The results indicate that the broiler cost function is significantly influenced by labor costs, the price of day-old chickens, feed expenses, and harvest tonnage. Meanwhile, the inefficiency effect is substantially influenced by farmer age, education, household size, experience, and mortality ratio (MR). Reducing the MR can increase broiler yield, directly improving cost efficiency and, thus farmers’ income. Nonetheless, a comprehensive approach that includes training, monitoring, feedback, and incentivization is needed to enhance farmer performance in broiler contract farming.

References

Adeoti, A. L. 2004. Impact of HIV/AIDS and related sicknesses on the technical efficiencies of farms in Benue State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed Res. 11:145-153.
Ali, M. & J. C. Flinn. 1989. Profit efficiency among Basmati rice producers in Pakistan Punjab. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 71: 303–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/1241587
Ali, S., R. Asif, & M. Nawaz. 2014. Profitability and cost efficiency analysis of open shed broiler farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management (IJECM). 2:1–10.
Areerat-Todsadee, H.-K., K. Ngamsomsuk, & K. Yamauchi. 2012. Production efficiency of broiler farming in Thailand: A stochastic frontier approach. J. Agric. Sci. 4:9752–9760. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n12p221
Azadi, Y., M. Yazdanpanah, & H. Mahmoudi. 2019. Understanding smallholder farmers’ adaptation behaviors through climate change beliefs, risk perception, trust, and psychological distance: Evidence from wheat growers in Iran. J. Environ. Manage. 250:109456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109456
Baracho, M. S., I. de A. Nääs, N. D. S. Lima, A. F. S. Cordeiro, & D. J. Moura. 2019. Factors affecting broiler production: A meta-analysis. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 21:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1052
Brockotter, F. 2017. Ventilation in the poultry house makes a world of difference. https://www.poultryworld.net/poultry/ventilation-in-the-poultry-house-makes-a-world-of-difference/ [December 15, 2022).
Coelli, T. J. 1996. A Guide to frontier Version 4.1: A Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation. CEPA Working Paper No. 7/96, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale. http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/cepa/frontier.php
Dziwornu, R. K. & D. B. Sarpong. 2014. Application of the stochastic profit frontier model to estimate economic efficiency in small-scale broiler production in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics (RAAE), 17:10–16. https://doi.org/10.15414/raae.2014.17.02.10-16
Emokaro, C. O. & O. P. Emokpae. 2018. Cost function and profitability analysis of broiler production in Edo State, Nigeria. NISEB Journal. 14:76-81.
Etuah, S., K. Ohene-Yankyera, Z. Liu, J. O. Mensah, & J. Lan. 2020. Determinants of cost inefficiency in poultry production: Evidence from small-scale broiler farms in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 52:1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02115-6
Ezeh, C. I., C. O. Anyiro, & J. A. Chukwu. 2012. Technical efficiency in poultry broiler production in Umuahia Capital Territory of Abia State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2:1–7. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.3.1206
Galanopoulos, K., S. Aggelopoulos, I. Kamenidou, & K. Mattas. 2006. Assessing the effects of managerial and production practices on the efficiency of commercial pig farming. Agric. Syst. 88:125–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.03.002
Hansen, B. G., K. Moland, & M. I. Lenning. 2019. How can dairy farmers become more revenue efficient? Efficiency drivers on dairy farms. International Journal of Agricultural Management 8:65-73.
Haryuni, N. & Z. Fanani. 2017. Study of feasibility on broiler business development. Journal of Development Research 1:63–67. https://doi.org/10.28926/jdr.v1i2.25
Hassan, F. A. M. 2021. Data envelopment analysis (dea) approach for assessing technical, economic and scale efficiency of broiler farms. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (IJAS) 52:291–300. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1290
Ike, P. C. & C. O. A. Ugwumba. 2011. Profitability of small scale broiler production in Onitsha North local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10:106–109. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.106.109
Jamhari, J. 2006. Incentive, performance and the choice of strategy in broiler contract farming: a case study in yogyakarta. International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP), 2:505–513.
Kayikci, Y., N. Subramanian, M. Dora, & M. S. Bhatia. 2022. Food supply chain in the era of Industry 4.0: Blockchain technology implementation opportunities and impediments from the perspective of people, process, performance, and technology. Production Planning & Control 33:301–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1810757
Kramer, M. R. & M. Porter. 2011. Creating Shared Value. Harv. Bus. Rev. 89:62–77.
Kumbhakar, S., & C. Lovell. 2000. Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174411
Lovell, C. 2008. Frontier Analysis in Health Care. University of Georgia, Athens.GA 30602.
Majid, R. Bin & S. Hassan. 2014. Performance of broiler contract farmers: a case study in Perak, Malaysia. UMK Procedia 1:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.umkpro.2014.07.003
Mao, H., Y. Fu, G. Cao, & S. Chen. 2022. Contract farming, social trust, and cleaner production behavior: field evidence from broiler farmers in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 29:4690–4709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15934-8
Myeki, L. W., N. B. Nengovhela, L. Mudau, E. Nakana, & S. Ngqangweni. 2022. Estimation of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies for smallholder broiler producers in South Africa. Agriculture 12:1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101601
Nguyen, L. A., T. B. V. Pham, R. Bosma, J. Verreth, R. Leemans, S. De Silva, & A. O. Lansink. 2018. Impact of climate change on the technical efficiency of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. J. World Aquac. Soc. 49:570–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12488
Oji, U. O. & A. A. Chukwuma. 2007. Technical efficiency of small scale poultry–egg production in Nigeria: Empirical study of poultry farmers in imo state, Nigeria. Res. J. Poult. Sci. 1:16–21.
Ojo, S. O. 2003. Productivity and technical efficiency of poultry egg production in Nigeria. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2:459–464. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.459.464
Pakage, S., B. Hartono, Z. Fanani, & B. A. Nugroho. 2014. Analysis of technical efficiency of poultry broiler business with pattern closed house system in Malang East Java Indonesia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development (JEDS) 5:16–22.
Samarakoon, S. M. R. & K. Samarasinghe. 2012. Strategies to improve the cost effectiveness of broiler production. Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya: Peradeniya. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v23i4.4869
Settembre-Blundo, D., R. González-Sánchez, S. Medina-Salgado, & F. E. García-Muiña. 2021. Flexibility and resilience in corporate decision making: a new sustainability-based risk management system in uncertain times. Glob. J. Flex. Syst. Manag. 22:107–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00277-7
Subardin, M., D. Susetyo, S. A. Kadir, & S. Suhel. 2018. Economies of scale and efficiency of the pulp industry in Indonesia: Cobb-Douglas cost function approach. Int. J. Econ. Financ. Issues 8:284–289.
Sugiharto, S. 2022. Potential benefits of plant-derived products on broiler meat characteristics - A Short Review. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia 17:29–43. https://doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.17.1.29-43
Tapsir, S., H. L. Mokhdzir, S. Nor Rahim, & N. Jalil. 2011. Issue and impact in broiler contract farming in Peninsular Malaysia. Economic and Technology Management Review 6:33–57.
Tuffour, M. & B. A. Oppong. 2014. Profit efficiency in broiler production: evidence from greater accra region of ghana. Int. J. Food Agric. Econ. 2:23–32.
Udho, E. J. & N. A. Etim. 2009. Measurement of farm level efficiency of broiler production in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5:832–836.
Ullah, I., S. Ali, S. Ullah Khan, & M. Sajjad. 2019. Assessment of technical efficiency of open shed broiler farms: The case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 18:361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2017.12.002
Wijayanto, N., Z. Fanani, & A. B. Nugroho. 2014. Analisis kinerja finansial peternakan broiler antara pola kemitraan dan pola mandiri (studi kasus di Kabupaten Jombang). Jurnal Peternakan 4:1-18
Wright, T. & B. Darmawan. 2017. Indonesia Voluntary Poultry Report; GAIN Report: 1701. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service.

Authors

J. M. M. AJi
M. Rondhi
A. Suwandari
anik.faperta@unej.ac.id (Primary Contact)
T. D. Hapsari
J. Januar
R. Yanuarti
Rokhani
AJiJ. M. M., RondhiM., SuwandariA., HapsariT. D., JanuarJ., YanuartiR., & Rokhani. (2023). Determinants of Cost Inefficiency and Farmer Performance in Broiler Contract Farming. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 46(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.3.382

Article Details