Growth, Health, and Carcass Traits of Broilers Supplemented with Acalypha australis L. Leaf Extract, Whey Protein, or their Combination in the Diet
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary administration of Acalypha australis L. leaf extract, whey powder, or a combination of both on the growth, physiological condition, and carcass traits of broilers. A total of 392 broiler chicks was divided into four groups based on a fully randomized design, including (1) control (C, basal feed without additives), (2) basal feed supplemented with 1% Acalypha australis L. leaf extract (AALE), (3) basal feed with 1% whey powder (WHEY), and (4) basal feed with 1% Acalypha australis L. extract and 1% whey powder (AALEWHEY). Samples (i.e., internal organs, blood, intestinal digesta, small intestinal segments, and breast and thigh meats) were collected on day 33. Data were treated with an analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple analysis. Treatments did not affect body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). Abdominal fat was higher in the treated broilers than in the control (C) (p<0.05). The serum high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were lower in AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups than in the control (C) (p<0.05). Serum creatinine concentrations were higher in WHEY and AALEWHEY groups than in C and AALE groups (p<0.05). The AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups had higher duodenal villi height than C group (p<0.05). The villi height to crypt depth ratios were higher in the jejunum of the WHEY and AALEWHEY group than in the C group (p<0.05). The pH of breast meat was higher in the C group than in AALE and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). The lightness values of breast meats were lower in the AALEWHEY group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The redness values of breast meats were lower in the C group than in the AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups, while the yellowness values were lower in C and AALE groups than in WHEY and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). The pH values of thigh meats were higher in the AALE group than in control (C), WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment of broilers with leaf extract of Acalypha australis L., whey powder, or a combination of both improved intestinal morphology and meat quality without affecting the growth performance of broilers.
References
Afkhami, M., H. Kermanshahi, & R. M. Heravi. 2020. Evaluation of whey protein sources on performance, liver antioxidants and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with ethanol. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 104:898-908. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13327
Agusetyaningsih, I., E. Widiastuti, H. I. Wahyuni, T. Yudiarti, R. Murwani, T. A. Sartono. & S. Sugiharto. 2022. Effect of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the physiological conditions, immune competency, and antioxidative status of broilers at high stocking density. Ann. Anim. Sci. 22:653–662. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2021-0043
Ashour, E. A., M. E. Abd. El-Hack, M. Alagawany, A. A. Swelum, A. O. Osman, I. M. Saadeldin, M. Abdel-Hamid, & E. O. S. Hussein. 2019. Use of whey protein concentrates in broiler diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:1078-1088. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz070
Asif, M. 2012. A brief study of toxic effects of some medicinal herbs on kidney. Adv. Biomed. Res. 1:44. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.100144
Azad, M. A. K., M. Kikusato, T. Maekawa, H. Shirakawa, & M. Toyomizu. 2010. Metabolic characteristics and oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 155:401-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.011
Bolton, W. 1967. Poultry Nutrition. MAFF Bulletin No.174. HMSO, London.
Daramola, O. T. 2019. Medicinal plants leaf meal supplementation in broiler chicken diet: effects on performance characteristics, serum metabolite and antioxidant status. Anim. Res. Int. 16:3334-3342.
Després, J. P., A. Tremblay, L. Pérusse, C. Leblanc, & C. Bouchard. 1988. Abdominal adipose tissue and serum HDL-cholesterol: association independent from obesity and serum triglyceride concentration. Int. J. Obes. 12:1-13.
Fan, J. D., B. A. Song, & S. Yang. 2012. Phenolic compounds from Acalypha australis. Chem. Nat. Compd. 48:489–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-012-0285-2
Farahat, M., D. Ibrahim, A. T. Y. Kishawy, H. M. Abdallah, A. Hernandez-Santana, & G. Attia. 2021. Effect of cereal type and plant extract addition on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, caecal microflora, and gut barriers gene expression of broiler chickens. Animal 15:100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100056
Fouad, A. M. & H. K. El-Senousey. 2014. Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: A review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 27:1057-1068. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13702
Greenhalgh, S., A. Lemme, J. C. de P. Dorigam, P. V. Chrystal, S. P. Macelline, S. Y. Liu, & P. H. Selle. 2022. Dietary crude protein concentrations, feed grains, and whey protein interactively influence apparent digestibility coefficients of amino acids, protein, starch, and performance of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 101:102131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102131
Hafeez, A., M. Sohail, A. Ahmad, M. Shah, S. Din, I. Khan, M. Shuiab, Nasrullah, W. Shahzada, M. Iqbal, & R. U. Khan. 2020. Selected herbal plants showing enhanced growth performance, ileal digestibility, bone strength and blood metabolites in broilers, J. Appl. Anim. Res. 48:448-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1818569
Honda, B. T. B., A. S. Calefi, C. Costola-de-Souza, W. M. Quinteiro-Filho, J. G. da S. Fonseca, V. F. de Paula, & J. Palermo-Neto. 2015. Effects of heat stress on peripheral T and B lymphocyte profiles and IgG and IgM serum levels in broiler chickens vaccinated for Newcastle disease virus. Poult. Sci. 94:2375-2381. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev192
Karimy, M. F., H. Julendra, & P. S. Damayanti. 2013. Efektifitas ekstrak daun kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), dan tepung cacing tanah (Lumbricus rubellus) dalam sediaan granul larut air sebagai koksidiostat alami terhadap infeksi Eimeria tenella pada ayam broiler. JITV. 18:88-98 (full article in Indonesian language)
Kasrina, K. & A. Y. Zukmadini. 2021. Ethnobotany study of medicinal plants in Bengkulu as a medium of student learning: The Euphorbiaceae family. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1731:012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012013
Kawachi, K., H. Kataoka, S. Manabe, T. Mochizuki, & K. Nitta. 2019. Low HDL cholesterol as a predictor of chronic kidney disease progression: a cross-classification approach and matched cohort analysis. Heart Vessels. 34:1440-1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-019-01375-4
Kim, H. J., H. I. Joe, Z. Zhang, S. W. Lee, K. Y. Lee, Y. B. Kook, & H. J. An. 2020. Anti-inflammatory effect of Acalypha australis L. via suppression of NF-κB signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced septic mice. Mol. Immunol. 119:123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.010
Ko, G. J., Y. Obi, A. R. Tortorici, & K. Kalantar-Zadeh. 2017. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 20:77-85. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000342
Kralik, G., Z. Kralik, M. Grčević, & D. Hanžek. 2017. Quality of Chicken Meat. In B. Yücel, & T. Taşkin (Eds.), Animal Husbandry and Nutrition. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72865
Lesiów, T. & J. Kijowski. 2003. Impact of PSE and DFD meat on poultry processing - a review. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 53:3-8.
Liani, Y. A., I. R. Munthe, D. Irmayani, B. E. Broto, & G. J. Yanris. 2021. The Broiler Chicken Coop Temperature Monitoring Use Fuzzy Logic and LoRAWAN,” 2021 3rd International Conference on Electronics Representation and Algorithm (ICERA), 2021, pp. 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICERA53111.2021.9538771
Musa, H. H., G. H. Chen, J. H. Cheng, & G. M. Yousif. 2007. Relation between abdominal fat and serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein concentrations in chicken breeds. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31:375-379.
Ocak, N., G. Erener, F. Burak Ak, M. Sungu, A. Altop, & A. Ozmen. 2008. Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves as growth promoter source. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 53:169-175. https://doi.org/10.17221/373-CJAS
Paiva, D., C. Walk, & A. McElroy. 2014. Dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode. Poult. Sci. 93:2752-2762. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-04148
Pineda-Quiroga, C., A. Camarinha-Silva, D. Borda-Molina, R. Atxaerandio, R. Ruiz, & A. García-Rodríguez. 2018. Feeding broilers with dry whey powder and whey protein powder affected productive performance, ileal digestibility of nutrients and cecal microbiota community. Animal 12:692-700. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117002208
Sapsuha, Y., E. Suprijatna, S. Kismiati, & S. Sugiharto. 2021. Combination of probiotic and phythobiotic as an alternative for antibiotic growth promoter for broilers chickens - a review. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 33. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd33/4/3349yus_ar.html
Shahsavani, F., N. Afzali, & S. Hosseini-Vashan. 2019. Evaluation of performance, biochemical parameters of blood, immune response and jejunal morphology of broiler chickens fed with whey and probiotic. Vet. Res. Biol. Prod. 32:31-40.
Sirri, F., M. Petracci, M. Bianchi, & A. Meluzzi. 2010. Survey of skin pigmentation of yellow-skinned broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89:1556-1561. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00623
Šťastník, O., J. Novotný, A. Roztočilová, D. Zálešáková, M. Řiháček, L. Horáková, H. Pluháčková, L. Pavlata, & E. Mrkvicová. 2022. Caraway (Carum carvi L.) in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens’ diets and its effect on performance, digestive tract morphology and blood biochemical profile. Poult. Sci. 101:101980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101980
Sugiharto, S. 2021. Herbal supplements for sustainable broiler production during post antibiotic era in Indonesia - an overview. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 33. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd33/8/33103sgh_u.html
Szczurek, W., B. Szymczyk, A. Arczewska-Wlosek, D. Józefiak, & M. N. Alloui. 2013. The effects of dietary whey protein powder level on performance, selected intestinal tract and blood parameters, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver and breast meat of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 22:342-353. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/65923/2013
Tazeddinova, D., A. D. Toshev, A. Abylgazinova, Md. R. Rahman, Md. M. Matin, M. K. B. Bakri, & O. Ayan. 2022. A review of polyphenol and whey protein-based conjugates. BioResources 17:34. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.Tazeddinova1
Tsiouris, V., M. G. Kontominas, G. Filioussis, S. Chalvatzi, I. Giannenas, G. Papadopoulos, K. Koutoulis, P. Fortomaris, & I. Georgopoulou. 2020. The effect of whey on performance, gut health and bone morphology parameters in broiler chicks. Foods 9:588. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050588
Vahdatpour, T., K. Nazer-Adl, Y. Ebrahim-Nezhad, N. Maheri-Sis, & S. Vahdatpour. 2008. The effects of energy increasing and protein lowering by addition of fats to diet on broiler chickens: performance and serum lipids. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 3:286-292. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2008.286.292
Valchev, I., D. Kanakov, T. S. Hristov, L. Lazarov, R. Binev, N. Grozeva, & Y. Nikolov. 2014. Effects of experimental aflatoxicosis on renal function in broiler chickens. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. 17:314-324.
Vongsak, B., P. Sithisarn, & W. Gritsanapan. 2012. HPLC quantitative analysis of three major antioxidant components of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Planta Med. 78: PJ15. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1321175
Xiao, S., L. F. Zhang, X. Zhang, S. M. Li, & F. Q. Xue. 2013. Tracing antibacterial compounds from Acalypha australis Linn. by spectrum-effect relationships and semi-preparative HPLC. J. Sep. Sci. 36:1667-1676. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201201202
Yazdi, F. F., G. Ghalamkari, M. Toghiani, M. Modaresi, & N. Landy. 2014. Anise seed (Pimpinella anisum L.) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on performance, carcass traits and immune responses in broiler chicks. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 4:447-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60604-6
Zarei, A., A. Lavvaf, & M. M. Motlagh. 2018. Effects of probiotic and whey powder supplementation on growth performance, microflora population, and ileum morphology in broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 46:840-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1410482
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
