Performance, Methane Emission, Nutrient Utilization, and the Nitrate Toxicity of Ruminants with Dietary Nitrate Addition: A Meta-analysis from In Vivo Trials
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effects of dietary nitrate addition on performance, methane emission, nutrient utilization, and the nitrate toxicity of ruminants by using the meta-analysis methodology from in vivo trials. A total of 38 published papers and 139 studies were used. Parameters observed were feed intake, animal performance, enteric methane emission, and nitrate toxicity. Data were subjected to the mixed model methodology. Nitrate doses or forms were treated as fixed factors, while the different studies were treated as random factors. Results revealed that nitrate supplementation significantly decreased the milk protein content, milk fat content, dry matter intake, gross energy intake, the molar proportion of the propionic acid, methane production, and the metabolism of vitamin A in a linear pattern (p<0.05). Moreover, nitrate addition significantly increased nitrate intake, the molar proportion of the acetic acid, the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid, hydrogen molecule production, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrite blood levels (p<0.05). However, treatments did not affect the milk yield, final body weight, nitrate retention, and blood methemoglobin. There was a significant interaction among the animal types and the nitrate (forms and doses) on the milk protein content, dry matter intake, rumen pH value, total volatile fatty acids, the molar proportion of propionic acid, NH3 concentration, H2 molecule, microbial protein synthesis, metabolism of vitamin A, and the blood methemoglobin. This concludes that nitrate supplementation is an alternative feed additive for mitigating the enteric methane in ruminants without any adverse effects on animals’ health or performance despite its impact on the feed consumption rate.
References
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Guyader, J., M. Eugène, M. Doreau, D. P. Morgavi, C. Gérard, C. Loncke, & C. Martin. 2018. Nitrate but not tea saponin feed additives decreased enteric methane emissions in nonlactating cows. J. Anim. Sci. 93:5367–5377. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9367
Guyader, J., M. Eugène, B. Meunier, M. Doreau, D. P. Morgavi, M. Silberberg, Y. Rochette, C. Gerard, C. Loncke, & C. Martin. 2015. Additive methane-mitigating effect between linseed oil and nitrate fed to cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 93:3564–3577. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8196
Guyader, J., M. Tavendale, C. Martin, & S. Muetzel. 2016. Dose-response effect of nitrate on hydrogen distribution between rumen fermentation end products: An in vitro approach. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15526
Hulshof, R. B. A., A. Berndt, W. J. J. Gerrits, J. Dijkstra, S. M. van Zijderveld, J. R. Newbold, & H. B. Perdok. 2012. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 90:2317–2323. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4209
Klop, G., B. Hatew, A. Bannink, & J. Dijkstra. 2016. Feeding nitrate and docosahexaenoic acid affects enteric methane production and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99:1161–1172. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10214
Lee, C., R. C. Araujo, K. M. Koenig, & K. A. Beauchemin. 2017. Effects of encapsulated nitrate on growth performance, nitrate toxicity, and enteric methane emissions in beef steers: Backgrounding phase. J. Anim. Sci. 95:3700–3711. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2017.1460
Lee, C. & K. A. Beauchemin. 2014. A review of feeding supplementary nitrate to ruminant animals: nitrate toxicity, methane emissions, and production performance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94:557–570. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-069
Li, L. A., J. B. Davis, J. A. Nolan, & R. A. Hegarty. 2012. An initial investigation on rumen fermentation pattern and methane emission of sheep offered diets containing urea or nitrate as the nitrogen source. Anim. Prod. Sci. 52:653–658. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN11254
Li, L., C. I. Silveira, J. V. Nolan, I. R. Godwin, R. A. Leng, & R. S. Hegarty. 2013. Effect of added dietary nitrate and elemental sulfur on wool growth and methane emission of Merino lambs. Anim. Prod. Sci. 53:1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13222
Lin, M., D. M. Schaefer, W. S. Guo, L. P. Ren, & Q. X. Meng. 2011. Comparisons of in vitro nitrate reduction, methanogenesis, and fermentation acid profile among rumen bacterial, protozoal and fungal fractions. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24:471–478. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10288
Lin, M., D. M. Schaefer, G. Q. Zhao, & Q. X. Meng. 2013. Effects of nitrate adaptation by rumen inocula donors and substrate fiber proportion on in vitro nitrate disappearance, methanogenesis, and rumen fermentation acid. Animals. 7:1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113000116
Lund, P., R. Dahl, H. J. Yang, A. L. F. Hellwing, B. B. Cao, & M. R. Weisbjerg. 2014. The acute effect of addition of nitrate on in vitro and in vivo methane emission in dairy cows. Anim. Prod. Sci. 54:1432–1435. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14339
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Authors
AbdelbagiM., RidwanR., FitriA., Nahrowi, & JayanegaraA. (2023). Performance, Methane Emission, Nutrient Utilization, and the Nitrate Toxicity of Ruminants with Dietary Nitrate Addition: A Meta-analysis from In Vivo Trials. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 46(1), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.1.74
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