Fatty Acid Profiles and Nutritional Indices/Ratios of Colostrum and Transient Milk from Landrace, Large White, and Landrace × Large White Crossbred Sows
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles are needed to assess the nutritional quality of sow colostrum and transient milk that may be used in developing milk replacer diets for piglets and their possible use as a functional food or nutraceutical. This study analyzed the FA profiles and compared the FA-based nutritional indices/ratios of colostrum and transient milk from Landrace, Large White, and Landrace × Large White crossbred sows in a swine nucleus breeding farm in the Philippines. Colostrum and transient milk samples were collected by hand within 24 h after parturition and 36–72 h after farrowing, respectively; immediately frozen at –20 °C until analyzed for FA composition by gas chromatography. Among the major FAs with the highest proportions, palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid LA (C18:2 n-6) were higher in colostrum (20.7% and 25.0%, respectively) than in transient milk (18.7% and 18.8%, respectively). Oleic acid (C18:1 n9c) was higher in transient milk (34.9%) than in colostrum (32.2%). The polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) to saturated FA (SFA) ratio was higher in sow colostrum (0.81:1) than transient milk (0.65:1). However, transient milk had better linoleic acid to α-linolenic acid C18:3 n-3 (LA/ALA) ratio, more balanced omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratio, slightly lower atherogenicity index (IA= 0.43 vs 0.46) and thrombogenicity index (IT= 0.81 vs 0.85), higher health-promoting index (HPI= 2.33 vs 2.16), and higher hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H= 2.66:1 vs 2.55:1) than colostrum. Both colostrum and transient milk from Large White sows had lower IA and IT values and higher PUFA/SFA ratio, HPI, and h/H ratio compared to Landrace sows. Crossbred sows had colostrum and transient milk with lower average IT than purebred sows. The PUFA/SFA ratio, HPI, and h/H ratio in colostrum were also higher for crossbred sows than for purebred sows. In conclusion, colostrum from crossbred sows may be used in the preparation of milk replacer formulations for piglets, while transient milk, especially from Large White sows, may be considered in the development of sow milk - based supplements in the human diet.
References
Ceniti, C., N. Costanzo, V. M. Morittu, B. Tilocca, P. Roncada, & D. D. Britti. 2022. Review: Colostrum as an emerging food: Nutraceutical properties and food supplement. Food Rev. Int. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2022.2034165
Chen, J. & H. Liu. 2020. Nutritional indices for assessing fatty acids: A mini-review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21:5695. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165695
Declerck, I., J. Dewulf, S. Piepers, R. Decaluwe, & D. Maes. 2015. Sow and litter factors influencing colostrum yield and nutritional composition. J. Anim. Sci. 93:1309-1317. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8282
Folch, J., M. Lees, & G. H. A. S. Stanley. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226:497-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5
Hurley, W. L. 2015. Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk. In: The Gestating and Lactating Sow. C. Farmer (Ed). Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 193-229. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-803-2_9
Ichihara, K. & Y. Fukubayashi. 2010. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas-liquid chromatography. J. Lipid Res. 51:635-640. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.D001065
Inoue, R., & T. Tsukahara. 2021. Composition and physiological functions of the porcine colostrum. Anim Sci J. 2021;92:e13618. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13618
Luise, D., V. Cardenia, M. Zappaterra, V. Motta, P. Bosi, M. T. Rodriguez-Estrada, & P. Trevisi. 2018. Evaluation of breed and parity order effects on the lipid composition of porcine colostrum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66:12911-12920. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03097
Machado, A. P., M. A. Otto, M. L. Bernardi, I. Wentz, & F. P. Bortolozzo. 2016. Factors influencing colostrum yield by sows. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 68:553-556. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8326
Mierlita, D. 2018. Effects of diets containing hemp seeds or hemp cake on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of sheep milk. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 48:504-515. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v48i3.11
Naeini, Z., O. Toupchian, A. Vatannejad, G. Sotoudeh, M. Teimouri, M. Ghorbani, E. Nasli-Esfahani, & F. Koohdani. 2020. Effects of DHA-enriched fish oil on gene expression levels of p53 and NF-κB and PPAR-γ activity in PBMCs of patients with T2DM: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 30:441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.10.012
Quesnel, H., C. Farmer, & N. Devillers. 2012. Colostrum intake: influence on piglet performance and factors of variation. Livest. Sci. 146:105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.03.010
Ren, C., J. Jin, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, & Q. Jin. 2022. Evaluation of fatty acid profile of colostrum and milk fat of different sow breeds. Int. Dairy J. 126:105250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105250
Sinanoglou, V. J., D. Cavouras, T. Boutsikou, D. D. Briana, D. Z. Lantzouraki, S. Paliatsiou, P. Volaki, S. Bratakos, A. Malamitsi-Puchner, & P. Zoumpoulakis. 2017. Factors affecting human colostrum fatty acid profile: A case study. PLoS One. 12:e0175817. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175817
SAS. 2009. SAS/STAT ® 9.2 User’s Guide, Second Edition. SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC USA.
Theil, P. K., C. Lauridsen, & H. Quesnel. 2014. Neonatal piglet survival: Impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk. Animals. 8:1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000950
Ulbricht, T. L. V. & D. A. T. Southgate. 1991. Coronary heart disease: Seven dietary factors. Lancet. 338:985-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-M
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
