Reproductive Performance of Garut Ewes Fed Sorghum-Indigofera after Stimulation with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mixed feed sorghum-Indigofera on Garut ewes reproductive performance stimulated with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) hormone. Twenty-eight multiparous Garut ewes were grouped based on feed type (local forage (LF) vs. mixed feed sorghum-Indigofera (SI)), for a 30-day acclimatization period with a completely randomized design. Following acclimatization, all animals were synchronized with PGF2α (i.m.) twice, 11 days apart. Half the population of each group was stimulated with 500 IU PMSG after the second injection. Estrous characteristics were observed for seven days, followed by natural mating. Pregnancy status and the number of fetuses were detected 30 days after mating using ultrasound (USG), and reproductive efficiency was evaluated after parturition. Data during acclimatization were analyzed using a two-sample t-test, while the reproductive performances used a General Linear Model (GLM). Estrous characteristics showed no interaction (p>0.05) between feed types and PMSG stimulation. The onset of estrous in the SI treatment occurred 9.33 hours faster (p<0.05) than in the LF treatment. Meanwhile, the duration of estrous in the group stimulated with PMSG was 18.67 hours longer (p<0.05) than without PMSG. The vulva temperature at standing heat was 38.16±0.69 °C (p>0.05), with the pregnancy rate ranging 42.85%-100%. Interestingly, the SI group treated with or without PMSG had a larger litter size (1.43-4.50) compared to the LF group (1.25–1.33). It is concluded that feeding with SI had improved reproductive success, with the highest number of ewes giving birth. Additionally, the ewes fed SI with PMSG had the largest litter size.
References
Abdullah, L. 2010. Herbage production and quality of shrub indigofera treated by diff erent concentration of foliar fertilizer. Med. Pet. 33:169–75. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2010.33.3.169
Addah, W., P. K. Karikari, & J. Baah. 2012. Under nutrition in the ewe: foeto-placental adaptation, and modulation of lamb birth weight: A Review. Livest. Res. Rural Develop. 24:#161.
Ahmad, I., L. A. Lodhi, Z. I. Qureshi, & M. Younis. 2004. Studies on blood glucose, total proteins, urea and cholesterol levels in cyclic, con-cyclic and endometritic crossed cows. Pak. Vet. J. 24:92–94.
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analysis Chemists International. Gaithersburg, MD. USA.
Astuti, D. A., A. S. Baba, & I. W. T. Wibawan. 2011. Rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed tropical browse plants. Med. Pet. 34:201–6. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2011.34.3.201
Budak, N. H., D. K. Doguc, C. M. Savas, A. C. Seydim, T. K. Tas, M. I. Ciris, & Z. B. Guzel-Seydim. 2011. Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:6638–44. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104912h
Bukar, M. M., R. Yusoff, A. W. Haron, G. K. Dhaliwal, M. A. G. Khan, & M. A. Omar. 2012. Estrus response and follicular development in boer does synchronized with flugestone acetate and PGF2α or their combination with ECG or FSH. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44:1505–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0095-3
Caldeira, R. M., A. T. Belo, C. C. Santos, M. I. Vazques, & A. V. Portugal. 2007. The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Rumin. Res. 68:233–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.027
Colombini, S., M. Zucali, L. Rapetti, G. M. Crovetto, A. Sandrucci, & L. Bava. 2015. Substitution of corn silage with sorghum silages in lactating cow diets: in vivo methane emission and global warming potential of milk production. Agric. Syst. 136:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.02.006
David, I., P. Kohnke, G. Lagriffoul, O. Praud, F. Plouarboué, P. Degond, & X. Druart. 2015. Mass sperm motility is associated with fertility in sheep. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 161:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.08.006
Davis, G. H. 2005. Major genes affecting ovulation rate in sheep. Genet. Sel. Evol. 37:S11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-37-S1-S11
Dixit, V. D. & N. Parvizi. 2001. Nitric oxide and the control of reproduction. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 65:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00224-4
Dixon, A. B., M. Knights, J. L. Winkler, D. J. Marsh, J. L. Pate, M. E. Wilson, R. A. Dailey, G. Seidel, & E. K. Inskeep. 2007. Patterns of late embryonic and fetal mortality and association with several factors in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1274–84. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-129
Dogan, I. & Z. Nur. 2006. Different estrous induction methods during the non-breeding season in Kivircik ewes. Vet. Med. (Praha) 51:133–38. https://doi.org/10.17221/5532-VETMED
Dupont, J., M. Reverchon, M. J. Bertoldo, & P. Froment. 2014. Nutritional signals and reproduction. Mol. Cell. Endocinol. 382:527–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.028
Ebrahimi, R., H. R. Ahmadi, M. J. Zamiri, & E. Rowghani. 2007. Effect of energy and protein levels on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Mehraban ram lambs. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10:1679–84. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.1679.1684
Fassah, D. M., L. Khotijah, A. Atabany, R. R. Mahyardiani, R. Puspadini, & A. Y. Putra. 2015. Blood malondialdehyde, reproductive, and lactation performances of ewes fed high pufa rations supplemented with different antioxidant sources. Med. Pet. 38:48–56. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.1.48
Gordon, I. 1997. Controlled Reproduction in Sheep and Goats. Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Prod. Improv. Prog. 330–344.
Grazul-Bilska, A. T., E. Borowczyk, J. J. Bilski, L. P. Reynolds, D. A. Redmer, J. S. Caton, & K. A. Vonnahme. 2012. Overfeeding and underfeeding have detrimental effects on oocyte quality measured by in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in sheep. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 43:289–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.001
Guo, Y. X., C. H. Duan, Q. H. Hao, Y. Q. Liu, T. Li, & Y. J. Zhang. 2019. Effect of short-term nutritional supplementation on hormone concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid and steroid regulating gene MRNA abundances in granulosa cells of ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 211:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106208
Habibizad, J., A. Riasi, H. Kohram, & H. R. Rahmani. 2015. Effect of feeding greater amounts of dietary energy for a short-term with or without ECG injection on reproductive performance, serum metabolites and hormones in ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 160:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.07.007
Hayati, R. N., Panjono, & A. Irawan. 2021. Estrous signs and progesterone profile of ongole grade cows synchronized at different ages fed different level of dietary crude protein. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 44:16–23. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.16
Holler, T. L., M. Dean, T. Taylor, D. H. Poole, M. L. Thonney, D. L. Thomas, J. L. Pate, N. Whitley, R. A. Dailey, & E. K. Inskeep. 2014. Effects of service sire on prenatal mortality and prolificacy in ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 92:3108–3115. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7489
Hussein, E. K., U. T. Naoman, & R. R. Al-Ajeli. 2021. Induction of estrus using human menopausal gonadotrophin in Iraqi Awassi ewes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 35:529–533. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.127132.1466
Hutapea, P. S., L. Abdullah, P. D. M. H. Karti, & I. Anas. 2018. Improvement of Indigofera zollingeriana production and methionine content through inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 41:37–45. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.37
Jevcsák, S. & P. Sipos. 2016. Sorghum and millet as alternative grains in nutrition. The Acta Agraria Debreceniensis. 69:91–95. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1795
Khafaji, S. S. O. 2018. Application of different progesterone protocols on some reproductive hormones during pregnancy in Awassi ewes. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 10:1364–1368.
Khotijah, L., K. G. Wiryawan, M. A. Setiadi, & D. A. Astuti. 2015. Reproductive performance, cholesterol and progesterone status of garut ewes fed ration containing different levels of sun flower oil. Pak. J. Nutr. 14:388–391. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2015.388.391
Koyuncu, M. & O. Canbolat. 2009. Effect of different dietary energy levels on the reproductive performance of kivircik sheep under a semi-intensive system in the South-Marmara region of Turkey. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 18:620–627. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66436/2009
Kusina, N. T., T. Chinuwo, H. Hamudikuwanda, L. R. Ndlovu, & S. Muzanenhamo. 2001. Effect of different dietary energy level intakes on efficiency of estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does. Small Rumin. Res. 39:283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00192-9
Lassala, A., F. W. Bazer, T. A. Cudd, S. Datta, D. H. Keisler, M. C. Satterfield, T. E. Spencer, & G. Wu. 2010. Parenteral administration of L-Arginine prevents fetal growth restriction in undernourished ewes. J. Nutr. 140:1242–1248. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.125658
Lima, R., R. F. Díaz, A. Castro, & V. Fievez. 2011. Digestibility, methane production and nitrogen balance in sheep fed ensiled or fresh mixtures of sorghum-soybean forage. Livest. Sci. 141:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.014
McCartney, C. R., M. B. Gingrich, Y. Hu, W. S. Evans, & J. C. Marshall. 2002. Hypothalamic regulation of cyclic ovulation: evidence that the increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency during the follicular phase reflects the gradual loss of the restraining effects of progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2194–2200. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.5.8484
Mekuriaw, Z., H. Assefa, A. Tegegne, & D. Muluneh. 2016. Estrus response and fertility of menz and crossbred ewes to single prostaglandin injection protocol. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 48:53–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0919-z
Moate, P. J., J. E. Pryce, L. C. Marett, J. B. Garner, M. H. Deighton, B. E. Ribaux, M. C. Hannah, W. J. Wales, & S. R. O. Williams. 2021. Measurement of enteric methane emissions by the SF6 technique is not affected by ambient weather conditions. Animal 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020528
Mohazer, M., A. R. Alimon, H. B. Yaakub, A. N. Naslaji, & A. Toghdory. 2012. Effects of energy level and PMSG dose on reproductive performance of Zel ewes bred to Shal or Zel rams. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11:809–813. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2012.809.813
Muñoz, C., A. F. Carson, M. A. McCoy, L. E. R. Dawson, N. E. O’Connell, & A. W. Gordon. 2009. Effect of plane of nutrition of 1- and 2-year-old ewes in early and mid-pregnancy on ewe reproduction and offspring performance up to weaning. Animal 3:657–669. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109003917
Murphy, T. W., J. W. Keele, & B. A. Freking. 2020. Genetic and nongenetic factors influencing ewe prolificacy and lamb body weight in a closed Romanov flock. J. Anim. Sci. 98:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa283
O’Callaghan, D., H. Yaakub, P. Hyttel, L. J. Spicer, & M. P. Boland. 2000. Effect of nutrition and superovulation on oocyte morphology, follicular fluid composition and systemic hormone concentrations in ewes. Reprod. Fertil. 118:303–313. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1180303
Ocak, N., M. A. Cam, & M. Kuran. 2006. The influence of pre- and post-mating protein supplementation on reproductive performance in ewes maintained on rangeland. Small Rumin. Res. 64:16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.03.012
Palupi, R., L. Abdullah, D. A. Astuti, & Sumiati. 2014. Potential and utilization of Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal as soybean meal substitution in laying hen diets. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 19:210–219. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v19i3.1084
Puvača, N., Lj. Kostadinović, S. Popović, J. Lević, D. Ljubojević, V. Tufarelli, R. Jovanović, T. Tasić, P. Ikonić, & D. Lukač. 2016. Proximate composition, cholesterol concentration and lipid oxidation of meat from chickens fed dietary spice addition (Allium Sativum, Piper Nigrum, Capsicum Annuum). Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:1920–1927. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15115
Sejian, V., A. K. Singh, A. Sahoo, & S. M. K. Naqvi. 2014. Effect of mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and adaptive capability of malpura ewes subjected to heat stress. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 98:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12037
Shi, C. X., Z. Y. Liu, M. Shi, P. Li, Z. K. Zeng, L. Liu, C. F. Huang, Z. P. Zhu, & D. F. Li. 2015. Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content of rice bran fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28:654–661. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0507
Sileshi, G., E. Mitiku, U. Mengistu, T. Adugna, & F. Fekede. 2021. Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on nutrient intake, digestibility, and body weight change in hararghe highland and afar sheep breeds of Ethiopia. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 8:185–194. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h501
Sirjani, M. A., H. Kohram, & M. H. Shahir. 2012. Effects of ECG injection combined with FSH and GnRH treatment on the lambing rate in synchronized Afshari ewes. J. Small. Rumin. Res. 106:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.022
Suharlina, D. A. Astuti, Nahrowi, A. Jayanegara, & L. Abdullah. 2016a. Nutritional evaluation of dairy goat rations containing Indigofera zollingeriana by using in vitro rumen fermentation technique (RUSITEC). Int. Dairy J. 11:100–105. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2016.100.105
Suharlina, D. A. Astuti, N. Nahrowi, A. Jayanegara, & L. Abdullah. 2016b. In vitro evaluation of concentrate feed containing Indigofera zollingeriana in goat. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric. 41:196–203. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.4.196-203
Thureen, P. J., K. A. Baron, P. V. Fennessey, & W. W. Hay Jr. 2002. Ovine placental and fetal arginine metabolism at normal and increased maternal plasma arginine concentrations. Pediatr. Res. 51:464–471. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200204000-00011
Tirpan, M. B., K. Tekin, B. Cil, H. Alemdar, M. E. Inanc, K. T. Olgac, C. Stelletta, & A. Daskin. 2019. The effects of different PMSG doses on estrus behavior and pregnancy rate in angora goats. Animal 13:564–569. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001908
Tsiplakou, E., S. Chadio, & G. Zervas. 2012. The effect of long term under- and over-feeding of sheep on milk and plasma fatty acid profiles and on insulin and leptin concentrations. J. Dairy Res. 79:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029912000039
Türk, G., S. Gür, M. Sönmez, T. Bozkurt, E. H. Aksu, & H. Aksoy. 2008. Effect of exogenous GnRH at the time of artificial insemination on reproductive performance of awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen-PMSG- PGF2α combination. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 43:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00896.x
Webb, R., P. C. Garnsworthy, J. G. Gong, & D. G. Armstrong. 2004. Control of follicular growth: local interactions and nutritional influences. J. Anim. Sci. 82:E63–E74.
Wu, G. 2009. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids 37:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0
Wu, G., F. W. Bazer, M. C. Satterfield, X. Li, X. Wang, G. A. Johnson, R. C. Burghardt, Z. Dai, J. Wang, & Z. Wu. 2013. Impacts of arginine nutrition on embryonic and fetal development in mammals. Amino Acids 45:241–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1515-z
Addah, W., P. K. Karikari, & J. Baah. 2012. Under nutrition in the ewe: foeto-placental adaptation, and modulation of lamb birth weight: A Review. Livest. Res. Rural Develop. 24:#161.
Ahmad, I., L. A. Lodhi, Z. I. Qureshi, & M. Younis. 2004. Studies on blood glucose, total proteins, urea and cholesterol levels in cyclic, con-cyclic and endometritic crossed cows. Pak. Vet. J. 24:92–94.
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analysis Chemists International. Gaithersburg, MD. USA.
Astuti, D. A., A. S. Baba, & I. W. T. Wibawan. 2011. Rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed tropical browse plants. Med. Pet. 34:201–6. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2011.34.3.201
Budak, N. H., D. K. Doguc, C. M. Savas, A. C. Seydim, T. K. Tas, M. I. Ciris, & Z. B. Guzel-Seydim. 2011. Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:6638–44. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104912h
Bukar, M. M., R. Yusoff, A. W. Haron, G. K. Dhaliwal, M. A. G. Khan, & M. A. Omar. 2012. Estrus response and follicular development in boer does synchronized with flugestone acetate and PGF2α or their combination with ECG or FSH. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 44:1505–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0095-3
Caldeira, R. M., A. T. Belo, C. C. Santos, M. I. Vazques, & A. V. Portugal. 2007. The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Rumin. Res. 68:233–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.027
Colombini, S., M. Zucali, L. Rapetti, G. M. Crovetto, A. Sandrucci, & L. Bava. 2015. Substitution of corn silage with sorghum silages in lactating cow diets: in vivo methane emission and global warming potential of milk production. Agric. Syst. 136:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.02.006
David, I., P. Kohnke, G. Lagriffoul, O. Praud, F. Plouarboué, P. Degond, & X. Druart. 2015. Mass sperm motility is associated with fertility in sheep. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 161:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.08.006
Davis, G. H. 2005. Major genes affecting ovulation rate in sheep. Genet. Sel. Evol. 37:S11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-37-S1-S11
Dixit, V. D. & N. Parvizi. 2001. Nitric oxide and the control of reproduction. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 65:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00224-4
Dixon, A. B., M. Knights, J. L. Winkler, D. J. Marsh, J. L. Pate, M. E. Wilson, R. A. Dailey, G. Seidel, & E. K. Inskeep. 2007. Patterns of late embryonic and fetal mortality and association with several factors in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1274–84. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-129
Dogan, I. & Z. Nur. 2006. Different estrous induction methods during the non-breeding season in Kivircik ewes. Vet. Med. (Praha) 51:133–38. https://doi.org/10.17221/5532-VETMED
Dupont, J., M. Reverchon, M. J. Bertoldo, & P. Froment. 2014. Nutritional signals and reproduction. Mol. Cell. Endocinol. 382:527–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.028
Ebrahimi, R., H. R. Ahmadi, M. J. Zamiri, & E. Rowghani. 2007. Effect of energy and protein levels on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Mehraban ram lambs. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10:1679–84. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.1679.1684
Fassah, D. M., L. Khotijah, A. Atabany, R. R. Mahyardiani, R. Puspadini, & A. Y. Putra. 2015. Blood malondialdehyde, reproductive, and lactation performances of ewes fed high pufa rations supplemented with different antioxidant sources. Med. Pet. 38:48–56. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.1.48
Gordon, I. 1997. Controlled Reproduction in Sheep and Goats. Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Prod. Improv. Prog. 330–344.
Grazul-Bilska, A. T., E. Borowczyk, J. J. Bilski, L. P. Reynolds, D. A. Redmer, J. S. Caton, & K. A. Vonnahme. 2012. Overfeeding and underfeeding have detrimental effects on oocyte quality measured by in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in sheep. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 43:289–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.001
Guo, Y. X., C. H. Duan, Q. H. Hao, Y. Q. Liu, T. Li, & Y. J. Zhang. 2019. Effect of short-term nutritional supplementation on hormone concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid and steroid regulating gene MRNA abundances in granulosa cells of ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 211:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106208
Habibizad, J., A. Riasi, H. Kohram, & H. R. Rahmani. 2015. Effect of feeding greater amounts of dietary energy for a short-term with or without ECG injection on reproductive performance, serum metabolites and hormones in ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 160:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.07.007
Hayati, R. N., Panjono, & A. Irawan. 2021. Estrous signs and progesterone profile of ongole grade cows synchronized at different ages fed different level of dietary crude protein. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 44:16–23. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.16
Holler, T. L., M. Dean, T. Taylor, D. H. Poole, M. L. Thonney, D. L. Thomas, J. L. Pate, N. Whitley, R. A. Dailey, & E. K. Inskeep. 2014. Effects of service sire on prenatal mortality and prolificacy in ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 92:3108–3115. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7489
Hussein, E. K., U. T. Naoman, & R. R. Al-Ajeli. 2021. Induction of estrus using human menopausal gonadotrophin in Iraqi Awassi ewes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. 35:529–533. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.127132.1466
Hutapea, P. S., L. Abdullah, P. D. M. H. Karti, & I. Anas. 2018. Improvement of Indigofera zollingeriana production and methionine content through inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 41:37–45. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.37
Jevcsák, S. & P. Sipos. 2016. Sorghum and millet as alternative grains in nutrition. The Acta Agraria Debreceniensis. 69:91–95. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1795
Khafaji, S. S. O. 2018. Application of different progesterone protocols on some reproductive hormones during pregnancy in Awassi ewes. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 10:1364–1368.
Khotijah, L., K. G. Wiryawan, M. A. Setiadi, & D. A. Astuti. 2015. Reproductive performance, cholesterol and progesterone status of garut ewes fed ration containing different levels of sun flower oil. Pak. J. Nutr. 14:388–391. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2015.388.391
Koyuncu, M. & O. Canbolat. 2009. Effect of different dietary energy levels on the reproductive performance of kivircik sheep under a semi-intensive system in the South-Marmara region of Turkey. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 18:620–627. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66436/2009
Kusina, N. T., T. Chinuwo, H. Hamudikuwanda, L. R. Ndlovu, & S. Muzanenhamo. 2001. Effect of different dietary energy level intakes on efficiency of estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does. Small Rumin. Res. 39:283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(00)00192-9
Lassala, A., F. W. Bazer, T. A. Cudd, S. Datta, D. H. Keisler, M. C. Satterfield, T. E. Spencer, & G. Wu. 2010. Parenteral administration of L-Arginine prevents fetal growth restriction in undernourished ewes. J. Nutr. 140:1242–1248. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.125658
Lima, R., R. F. Díaz, A. Castro, & V. Fievez. 2011. Digestibility, methane production and nitrogen balance in sheep fed ensiled or fresh mixtures of sorghum-soybean forage. Livest. Sci. 141:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.014
McCartney, C. R., M. B. Gingrich, Y. Hu, W. S. Evans, & J. C. Marshall. 2002. Hypothalamic regulation of cyclic ovulation: evidence that the increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency during the follicular phase reflects the gradual loss of the restraining effects of progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:2194–2200. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.5.8484
Mekuriaw, Z., H. Assefa, A. Tegegne, & D. Muluneh. 2016. Estrus response and fertility of menz and crossbred ewes to single prostaglandin injection protocol. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 48:53–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0919-z
Moate, P. J., J. E. Pryce, L. C. Marett, J. B. Garner, M. H. Deighton, B. E. Ribaux, M. C. Hannah, W. J. Wales, & S. R. O. Williams. 2021. Measurement of enteric methane emissions by the SF6 technique is not affected by ambient weather conditions. Animal 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020528
Mohazer, M., A. R. Alimon, H. B. Yaakub, A. N. Naslaji, & A. Toghdory. 2012. Effects of energy level and PMSG dose on reproductive performance of Zel ewes bred to Shal or Zel rams. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11:809–813. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2012.809.813
Muñoz, C., A. F. Carson, M. A. McCoy, L. E. R. Dawson, N. E. O’Connell, & A. W. Gordon. 2009. Effect of plane of nutrition of 1- and 2-year-old ewes in early and mid-pregnancy on ewe reproduction and offspring performance up to weaning. Animal 3:657–669. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109003917
Murphy, T. W., J. W. Keele, & B. A. Freking. 2020. Genetic and nongenetic factors influencing ewe prolificacy and lamb body weight in a closed Romanov flock. J. Anim. Sci. 98:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa283
O’Callaghan, D., H. Yaakub, P. Hyttel, L. J. Spicer, & M. P. Boland. 2000. Effect of nutrition and superovulation on oocyte morphology, follicular fluid composition and systemic hormone concentrations in ewes. Reprod. Fertil. 118:303–313. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1180303
Ocak, N., M. A. Cam, & M. Kuran. 2006. The influence of pre- and post-mating protein supplementation on reproductive performance in ewes maintained on rangeland. Small Rumin. Res. 64:16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.03.012
Palupi, R., L. Abdullah, D. A. Astuti, & Sumiati. 2014. Potential and utilization of Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal as soybean meal substitution in laying hen diets. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 19:210–219. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v19i3.1084
Puvača, N., Lj. Kostadinović, S. Popović, J. Lević, D. Ljubojević, V. Tufarelli, R. Jovanović, T. Tasić, P. Ikonić, & D. Lukač. 2016. Proximate composition, cholesterol concentration and lipid oxidation of meat from chickens fed dietary spice addition (Allium Sativum, Piper Nigrum, Capsicum Annuum). Anim. Prod. Sci. 56:1920–1927. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15115
Sejian, V., A. K. Singh, A. Sahoo, & S. M. K. Naqvi. 2014. Effect of mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and adaptive capability of malpura ewes subjected to heat stress. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 98:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12037
Shi, C. X., Z. Y. Liu, M. Shi, P. Li, Z. K. Zeng, L. Liu, C. F. Huang, Z. P. Zhu, & D. F. Li. 2015. Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content of rice bran fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28:654–661. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0507
Sileshi, G., E. Mitiku, U. Mengistu, T. Adugna, & F. Fekede. 2021. Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on nutrient intake, digestibility, and body weight change in hararghe highland and afar sheep breeds of Ethiopia. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 8:185–194. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h501
Sirjani, M. A., H. Kohram, & M. H. Shahir. 2012. Effects of ECG injection combined with FSH and GnRH treatment on the lambing rate in synchronized Afshari ewes. J. Small. Rumin. Res. 106:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.022
Suharlina, D. A. Astuti, Nahrowi, A. Jayanegara, & L. Abdullah. 2016a. Nutritional evaluation of dairy goat rations containing Indigofera zollingeriana by using in vitro rumen fermentation technique (RUSITEC). Int. Dairy J. 11:100–105. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2016.100.105
Suharlina, D. A. Astuti, N. Nahrowi, A. Jayanegara, & L. Abdullah. 2016b. In vitro evaluation of concentrate feed containing Indigofera zollingeriana in goat. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric. 41:196–203. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.4.196-203
Thureen, P. J., K. A. Baron, P. V. Fennessey, & W. W. Hay Jr. 2002. Ovine placental and fetal arginine metabolism at normal and increased maternal plasma arginine concentrations. Pediatr. Res. 51:464–471. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200204000-00011
Tirpan, M. B., K. Tekin, B. Cil, H. Alemdar, M. E. Inanc, K. T. Olgac, C. Stelletta, & A. Daskin. 2019. The effects of different PMSG doses on estrus behavior and pregnancy rate in angora goats. Animal 13:564–569. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001908
Tsiplakou, E., S. Chadio, & G. Zervas. 2012. The effect of long term under- and over-feeding of sheep on milk and plasma fatty acid profiles and on insulin and leptin concentrations. J. Dairy Res. 79:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029912000039
Türk, G., S. Gür, M. Sönmez, T. Bozkurt, E. H. Aksu, & H. Aksoy. 2008. Effect of exogenous GnRH at the time of artificial insemination on reproductive performance of awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen-PMSG- PGF2α combination. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 43:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00896.x
Webb, R., P. C. Garnsworthy, J. G. Gong, & D. G. Armstrong. 2004. Control of follicular growth: local interactions and nutritional influences. J. Anim. Sci. 82:E63–E74.
Wu, G. 2009. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids 37:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0
Wu, G., F. W. Bazer, M. C. Satterfield, X. Li, X. Wang, G. A. Johnson, R. C. Burghardt, Z. Dai, J. Wang, & Z. Wu. 2013. Impacts of arginine nutrition on embryonic and fetal development in mammals. Amino Acids 45:241–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-013-1515-z
Authors
SomanjayaR., FuahA. M., RahayuS., AbdullahL., & SetiadiM. A. (2022). Reproductive Performance of Garut Ewes Fed Sorghum-Indigofera after Stimulation with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(4), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.4.451
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
