Bleeding Time and False Aneurysm Incidence on Cattle Slaughtering Using Non-Penetrative Pre-Slaughter Stunning in Indonesia
Abstract
The use of non-penetrating pre-slaughter stunning (NPPSS) in ruminants remains a contentious issue in Indonesia since it is thought to interfere with the bleeding. This paper evaluated the bleeding time (BT), incidence of the false aneurysm (FA), and factors influencing these parameters in 460 NPPSS and 50 non-NPPSS slaughters in Indonesia. In this research, bodyweight, neck skin fold, sex, incisors condition, stunner strength, door closed-final stunning interval, number of shots, stunning success rate (SSR), stunning final-slaughter interval, broken skull, shooting placement, stunner-men and slaughter-men competencies, incision direction, incision location, BT, and FA were assessed for NPPSS slaughter. The same parameters were also assessed for non-NPPSS except the stunning parameter. The results showed that the BT of the non-NPPSS slaughters (187±47.37 seconds) was faster than that of the NPPSS slaughters, with the BT for the NPPSS dependent upon the level of unconsciousness. The longest BT was found in fully unconscious cattle shot once (304.32±69.76 seconds). The risk of FA incidence in non-NPPSS cattle was higher than in the NPPSS cattle. The FA incidence was 2.64 times higher in non-NPPSS cattle than in unconscious NPPSS cattle. The BT of non-NPPSS cattle was affected by FA, whereas the NPPSS cattle were affected by SSR, number of shots, broken skull, and FA incidence. The primary influence factor of FA in non-NPPSS cattle was incision location, whereas the NPPSS cattle were DCFS, incision location, and incision direction. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of NPPSS prolongs BT and reduces the risk of FA in the slaughter of Australian Brahman cross cattle.
References
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Fuseini, A., S. B. Wotton, P. J. Hadley, & T. G. Knowles. 2017. The compatibility of modern slaughter with halal slaughter: A review of the aspect of ‘modern’ slaughter methods that divide scholarly opinion within the Muslim community. Anim. Welf. 26:301–310. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.3.301
Gibson, T. J., N. Dadios, & N. G. Gregory. 2015. Effect of neck cut position on time to collapse in halal slaughtered cattle without stunning. Meat Sci. 110:310–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.026
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Gilliam, J., J. K. Shearer, R. J. Bahr, S. Crochik, J. Woods, J. Hill, J. Reynolds, & J. D. Taylor. 2016. Evaluation of brainstem disruption following penetrating captive-bolt shot in isolated cattle heads: comparison of traditional and alternative shot placement landmarks. Anim. Welf. 25:347–353. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.25.3.347
Grandin, T. 2015. Questions about death of the animal when different stunning methods are used before Halal or Kosher slaughter. http://www.grandin.com/ritual/questions.diff.stun.methods.html [28 December 2019].
Gregory, N. G., F. D. Shaw, J. C. Whitford, & J. C. Patterson-Kane. 2006. Prevalence of ballooning of the severed carotid arteries at slaughter in cattle, calves, and sheep. Meat Sci. 74:655–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.05.021
Gregory, N. G., P. Schuster, L. Mirabito, R. Kolesar, & T. McManus. 2012. Arrested blood flow during false aneurysm formation in the carotid arteries of cattle slaughtered with and without stunning. Meat Sci. 90:368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.024
Johnson, C. B., D. J. Mellor, P. H. Hemsworth, & A. D. Fisher. 2015. A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning. N. Z. Vet. J. 63:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.964345
Khalid, R., T. G. Knowles, & S. B. Wotton. 2015. A comparison of blood loss during the halal slaughter of lambs following traditional religious slaughter without stunning, electric head-only stunning and post-cut electric head-only stunning. Meat Sci. 110:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.008
Khan, R., H. Guo, S. H. A. Raza, A. Rahman, M. Ayaz, & Z. Linsen. 2018. Halal slaughtering, welfare, and empathy in farm animals: A review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 50:1733–1738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1644-1
Limon, G., J. Guitian, & N. G. Gregory. 2010. An evaluation of the humaneness of puntilla in cattle. Meat Sci. 84:352-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.09.001
Maghfiroh, K., H. Latif, & K. Santoso. 2014. Cortisol hormone concentration and meat quality of beef cattle stunned by captive bolt stun gun before slaughtering. Med. Pet. 37:155–160. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2014.37.3.155
Mdletshe, Z. M., M. C. Marufu, & M. Chimonyo. 2020. Effect of indigenous slaughter methods on the behavioural response, bleeding efficiency and cardiac arrest of nguni goats. Animals. 10:247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020247
[MUI] Majelis Ulama Indonesia. 2012. HAS 23103: Guidelines of Halal Assurance System Criteria on Slaughterhouse. Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan Obat-Obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LPPOM MUI).
Nakyinsige, K., Y. B. C. Man, Z. A. Aghwan, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, F. A. Bakar, H. A. Al-Kahtani, & A. Q. Sazili. 2013. Stunning and animal welfare from Islamic and scientific perspectives. Meat Sci. 95:352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.006
Nakyinsige, K., A. B. Fatimah, Z. A. Aghwan, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, & A. Q. Sazili. 2014. Bleeding efficiency and meat oxidative stability and microbiological quality of New Zealand white rabbits subjected to halal slaughter without stunning and gas stun-killing. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27:406-413. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13437
Neves, J. E. G., M. J. R. P. Costa, R. O. Roça, L. Faucitano, & N. G. Gregory. 2016. A note comparing the welfare of Zebu cattle following three stunning-slaughter methods. Meat Sci. 117:41–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.033
Oliveira, S. E. O., N. G. Gregory, F. A. D. Costa, T. J. Gibson, O. A. Da Costa, & M. J. R. P. Costa. 2018. Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle. Meat Sci. 140:9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.010
Parvatikar, V. B. & P. B. Mukkannavar. 2009. Comparative study of grip strength in different positions of shoulder and elbow with wrist in neutral and extension positions. Journal of Exercise Science & Physiotherapy 5:67–75.
Pisestyani, H., N. N. Dannar, K. Santoso, & H. Latif. 2015. The perfect cow died after slaughtered by stunning and non stunning methods according to gushing blood downtime. Acta Vet. Indones. 3:58–63. https://doi.org/10.29244/avi.3.2.58-63
Rahman, S. A. 2017. Religion and animal welfare an-Islamic perspective: A review. Animals. 7:11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7020011
Sabow, A. B., A. Q. Sazili, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, M. Z. A. A. B. Kadir, N. R. Abdulla, K. Nakyinsige, U. Kaka, &. K. D. Adeyemi. 2015. A comparison of bleeding efficiency, microbiological quality and lipid oxidation in goats subjected to conscious halal slaughter and slaughter following minimal anesthesia. Meat Sci. 104:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.02.004
Terlouw, E. M. C., C. Bourguet, V. Deiss, & C. Mallet. 2015. Origins of movements following stunning and during bleeding in cattle. Meat Sci. 110:135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.010
Verhoeven, M. T. W., M. A. Gerritzen, L. J. Hellebrekers, & B. Kemp. 2015. Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: A review. Animal 9:320–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114002596
Verhoeven, M. T. W., M. A. Gerritzen, L. J. Hellebrekers, & B. Kemp. 2016. Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter. Animal 10:1457–1465. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000422
Von Wenzlawowicz, M., K. Von Holleben, & E. Eser. 2012. Identifying reasons for stun failures in slaughterhouses for cattle and pigs: A field study. Anim. Welf. 21:51–60. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812X13353700593527
Zulkifli, I, Y. M. Goh, B. Norbaiyah, A. Q. Sazili, M. Lotfi, A. F. Soleimani, & A. H. Small. 2014. Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle. Anim. Prod. Sci. 54:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12128
Adams, D. B. & A. D. Sheridan. 2008. Specifying the risks to animal welfare associated with livestock slaughter without induced insensibility. http://www.australiananimalwelfare.com.au/app/webroot/files/upload/files/animal-welfare-livestock-slaughter.pdf [17 December 2018].
Agbeniga, B. & E. C. Webb. 2012. Effect of slaughter technique on bleed-out, blood in the trachea and blood splash in the lungs of cattle. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 42:524–529. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v42i5.17
Aghwan, Z. A., A. U. Bello, A. A. Abubakar, J. C. Imlan, & A. Q. Sazili. 2016. Efficient halal bleeding, animal handling, and welfare: A holistic approach for meat quality. Meat Sci. 121:420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.028
Alam, M. R., Md. J. Islam, Al Amin, A. H. Shaikat, Md. R. Pasha, & R. E. Doyle. 2019 Animal-based welfare Assessment of cattle and water buffalo in Bangladeshi slaughterhouses. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 23:21-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2019.1620608
Anil, M. H., T. Yesildere, H. Aksu, E. Matur, J. L. McKinstry, H. R. Weaver, O. Erdogan, S. Hughes, &. C. Manson. 2006. Comparison of halal slaughter with captive bolt stunning and neck cutting in cattle: Exsanguination and quality parameters. Anim. Welf. 15:325–330.
Atkinson, S., A. Velarde, & B. Alger. 2013. Assessment of stun quality at commercial slaughter in cattle shot with captive bolt. Anim. Welf. 22:473–481. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.4.473
Baldwin, B. & F. Bell. 1963. The effect of temporary reduction in cephalic blood flow on the EEG of sheep and calf. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 15:465–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(63)90067-1
Barrasso, R., E. Bonerba, E. Ceci, R. Roma, A. Alò, A. Mottola, P. Marchetti, G. V. Celano, & G. Bozzo. 2020. Evaluation of the animal welfare during religious slaughtering. Ital. J. Food Saf. 9:8387. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2020.8387
Bartz, B., M. Collins, G. Stoddard, A. Appleton, R. Livingood, H. Sobcynski, & K. D. Vogel. 2015. Assessment of nonpenetrating captive bolt stunning followed by electrical induction of cardiac arrest in veal calves. J. Anim. Sci. 93:4557–4563. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9332
Bozzo, G., A. Di Pinto, E. Bonerba, E. Ceci, A. Mottola, R. Roma, P. Capozza, G. Samoilis, G. Tantillo, & G. V. Celano. 2017. Kosher slaughter paradigms: Evaluation of slaughterhouse inspection procedures. Meat Sci. 128:30-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.01.013
Bozzo, G., R. Barrasso, P. Marchetti, R. Roma, G. Samoilis, G. Tantillo, & E. Ceci. 2018. Analysis of stress indicators for evaluation of animal welfare and meat quality in traditional and Jewish slaughtering. Animals 8:43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8040043
Bozzo, G., E. Bonerba, R. Barrasso, R. Roma, F. Luposella, N. Zizzo, & G. Tantillo. 2020. Evaluation of the occurrence of false aneurysms during halal slaughtering and consequences on the animal’s state of consciousness. Animals 10:1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071183
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2018. SNI: 99003. Pemotongan Halal pada Hewan Ruminansia. BSN: Jakarta.
Collins, S. L., M. Caldwell, S. Hecht, B. K. Whitlock. 2017. Comparison of penetrating and nonpenetrating captive bolt methods in horned goat. Am. J. Vet. Res.78:151–157. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.2.151
Farouk, M. M., H. M. Al-Mazeedi, A. B. Sabow, A. E. D. Bekhit, K. D. Adeyemi, A. Q. Sazili, & A. Ghani. 2014. Halal and kosher slaughter methods and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 98:505–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.021
Farouk, M. M., K. M. Pufpaff, & M. Amir. 2016. Industrial halal meat production and animal welfare: A review. Meat Sci. 120:60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.023
Fuseini, A., T. G. Knowles, P. J. Hadley, & S. B. Wotton. 2016. Halal stunning and slaughter: Criteria for the assessment of dead animals. Meat Sci. 119:132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.033
Fuseini, A., S. B. Wotton, P. J. Hadley, & T. G. Knowles. 2017. The compatibility of modern slaughter with halal slaughter: A review of the aspect of ‘modern’ slaughter methods that divide scholarly opinion within the Muslim community. Anim. Welf. 26:301–310. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.3.301
Gibson, T. J., N. Dadios, & N. G. Gregory. 2015. Effect of neck cut position on time to collapse in halal slaughtered cattle without stunning. Meat Sci. 110:310–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.026
Gibson, T. J., S. E. O. Oliveira, F. A. D. Costa, & N. G. Gregory. 2019. Electroencephalographic assessment of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive-bolt stunning of bulls. Meat Sci. 151:54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.01.006
Gilliam, J., J. K. Shearer, R. J. Bahr, S. Crochik, J. Woods, J. Hill, J. Reynolds, & J. D. Taylor. 2016. Evaluation of brainstem disruption following penetrating captive-bolt shot in isolated cattle heads: comparison of traditional and alternative shot placement landmarks. Anim. Welf. 25:347–353. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.25.3.347
Grandin, T. 2015. Questions about death of the animal when different stunning methods are used before Halal or Kosher slaughter. http://www.grandin.com/ritual/questions.diff.stun.methods.html [28 December 2019].
Gregory, N. G., F. D. Shaw, J. C. Whitford, & J. C. Patterson-Kane. 2006. Prevalence of ballooning of the severed carotid arteries at slaughter in cattle, calves, and sheep. Meat Sci. 74:655–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.05.021
Gregory, N. G., P. Schuster, L. Mirabito, R. Kolesar, & T. McManus. 2012. Arrested blood flow during false aneurysm formation in the carotid arteries of cattle slaughtered with and without stunning. Meat Sci. 90:368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.024
Johnson, C. B., D. J. Mellor, P. H. Hemsworth, & A. D. Fisher. 2015. A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning. N. Z. Vet. J. 63:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.964345
Khalid, R., T. G. Knowles, & S. B. Wotton. 2015. A comparison of blood loss during the halal slaughter of lambs following traditional religious slaughter without stunning, electric head-only stunning and post-cut electric head-only stunning. Meat Sci. 110:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.06.008
Khan, R., H. Guo, S. H. A. Raza, A. Rahman, M. Ayaz, & Z. Linsen. 2018. Halal slaughtering, welfare, and empathy in farm animals: A review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 50:1733–1738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1644-1
Limon, G., J. Guitian, & N. G. Gregory. 2010. An evaluation of the humaneness of puntilla in cattle. Meat Sci. 84:352-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.09.001
Maghfiroh, K., H. Latif, & K. Santoso. 2014. Cortisol hormone concentration and meat quality of beef cattle stunned by captive bolt stun gun before slaughtering. Med. Pet. 37:155–160. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2014.37.3.155
Mdletshe, Z. M., M. C. Marufu, & M. Chimonyo. 2020. Effect of indigenous slaughter methods on the behavioural response, bleeding efficiency and cardiac arrest of nguni goats. Animals. 10:247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020247
[MUI] Majelis Ulama Indonesia. 2012. HAS 23103: Guidelines of Halal Assurance System Criteria on Slaughterhouse. Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan Obat-Obatan dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LPPOM MUI).
Nakyinsige, K., Y. B. C. Man, Z. A. Aghwan, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, F. A. Bakar, H. A. Al-Kahtani, & A. Q. Sazili. 2013. Stunning and animal welfare from Islamic and scientific perspectives. Meat Sci. 95:352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.006
Nakyinsige, K., A. B. Fatimah, Z. A. Aghwan, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, & A. Q. Sazili. 2014. Bleeding efficiency and meat oxidative stability and microbiological quality of New Zealand white rabbits subjected to halal slaughter without stunning and gas stun-killing. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27:406-413. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13437
Neves, J. E. G., M. J. R. P. Costa, R. O. Roça, L. Faucitano, & N. G. Gregory. 2016. A note comparing the welfare of Zebu cattle following three stunning-slaughter methods. Meat Sci. 117:41–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.033
Oliveira, S. E. O., N. G. Gregory, F. A. D. Costa, T. J. Gibson, O. A. Da Costa, & M. J. R. P. Costa. 2018. Effectiveness of pneumatically powered penetrating and non-penetrating captive bolts in stunning cattle. Meat Sci. 140:9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.010
Parvatikar, V. B. & P. B. Mukkannavar. 2009. Comparative study of grip strength in different positions of shoulder and elbow with wrist in neutral and extension positions. Journal of Exercise Science & Physiotherapy 5:67–75.
Pisestyani, H., N. N. Dannar, K. Santoso, & H. Latif. 2015. The perfect cow died after slaughtered by stunning and non stunning methods according to gushing blood downtime. Acta Vet. Indones. 3:58–63. https://doi.org/10.29244/avi.3.2.58-63
Rahman, S. A. 2017. Religion and animal welfare an-Islamic perspective: A review. Animals. 7:11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7020011
Sabow, A. B., A. Q. Sazili, I. Zulkifli, Y. M. Goh, M. Z. A. A. B. Kadir, N. R. Abdulla, K. Nakyinsige, U. Kaka, &. K. D. Adeyemi. 2015. A comparison of bleeding efficiency, microbiological quality and lipid oxidation in goats subjected to conscious halal slaughter and slaughter following minimal anesthesia. Meat Sci. 104:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.02.004
Terlouw, E. M. C., C. Bourguet, V. Deiss, & C. Mallet. 2015. Origins of movements following stunning and during bleeding in cattle. Meat Sci. 110:135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.010
Verhoeven, M. T. W., M. A. Gerritzen, L. J. Hellebrekers, & B. Kemp. 2015. Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: A review. Animal 9:320–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114002596
Verhoeven, M. T. W., M. A. Gerritzen, L. J. Hellebrekers, & B. Kemp. 2016. Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter. Animal 10:1457–1465. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000422
Von Wenzlawowicz, M., K. Von Holleben, & E. Eser. 2012. Identifying reasons for stun failures in slaughterhouses for cattle and pigs: A field study. Anim. Welf. 21:51–60. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812X13353700593527
Zulkifli, I, Y. M. Goh, B. Norbaiyah, A. Q. Sazili, M. Lotfi, A. F. Soleimani, & A. H. Small. 2014. Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle. Anim. Prod. Sci. 54:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12128
Authors
Supratikno, SetijantoH., NurainiH., & AgungpriyonoS. (2022). Bleeding Time and False Aneurysm Incidence on Cattle Slaughtering Using Non-Penetrative Pre-Slaughter Stunning in Indonesia. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(4), 482-489. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.4.482
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