Growth, Blood, and Intestinal Indices of Broilers at High Density Pens Provided with Fermented Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Filtrate
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate (FABFF) on growth, blood indices, and gut ecology of broilers raised at a high stocking density. Using 378 chicks (14 days of age), the study was arranged based on a factorial design with stocking densities (normal with 9 birds/m2 or high with 18 birds/m2) and treatment with 2% FABFF from drinking water or not as the two factors. Live body weight and feed consumption were registered weekly, while blood and intestinal contents were collected at day 35. Broilers at high density receiving FABFF had the lowest (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Thymus was smaller (p<0.05) in high-stocked broilers receiving only drinking water. Birds administered FABFF had greater (p<0.05) bursa of Fabricius than birds given plain water. The FABFF elevated (p<0.05) serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of broilers. The malondialdehyde levels were higher (p<0.05) in high-stocked broilers given drinking water compared to normal-stocked broilers given drinking water or high-stocked broilers receiving FABFF. Drinking FABFF elevated (p<0.05) the ratio of lactic acid bacteria/coliform in the ileum. Cecal coliform was less (p<0.05) in chicks receiving FABFF than those receiving only water. High-stocked broilers receiving FABFF showed lower (p<0.05) Enterobacteriaceae counts than the other birds. The ratio of lactic acid bacteria/coliform increased (p<0.05) in broilers receiving FABFF. In conclusion, FABFF was capable of maintaining the development of immune organs and improving FCR, antioxidative status, and intestinal microbial balance of broilers stocked at high-density pens.
References
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Agusetyaningsih, I., E. Widiastuti, H. I. Wahyuni, T. Yudiarti, R. Murwani, T. A. Sartono, & S. Sugiharto. 2021. Effect of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus leaf extract on the physiological conditions, immune competency, and antioxidative status of broilers at high stocking density. Annals Animal of Science https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2021-0043
Alkhalf, A., M. Alhaj, & I. Al-Homidan. 2010. Influence of probiotic supplementation on immune response of broiler chicks. Egypt. Poult. Sci. 30:271-280.
Altaf, M. T., A. Mahmud, S. Mehmood, & Saima. 2019. Effects of supplemented growth promoters on performance and intestinal morphology in broilers reared under different stocking densities. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 21:eRBCA-2019-1073. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1073
Amalia, U., Sumardianto, & T. W. Agustini. 2018. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Indonesian shrimp paste (terasi). IOP. Conf. Ser. Earth. Environ. Sci. 116:012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/116/1/012049
Bai, K., C. Feng, L. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, & T. Wang. 2018. Dietary effects of Bacillus subtilis fmbj on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and its antioxidant capacity of broilers. Poult. Sci. 97:2312-2321. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey116
Beg, M. A. H., M. A. Baqui, N. R. Sarker, & M. M. Hossain. 2011. Effect of stocking density and feeding regime on performance of broiler chicken in summer season. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10:365-375. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.365.375
Bolton, W. 1967. Poultry Nutrition. MAFF Bulletin No.174. HMSO, London.
Cengiz, O., B. H. Koksal, O. Tatli, O. Sevim, H. Avci, T. Epikmen, D. Beyaz, S. Buyukyoruk, M. Boyacioglu, A. Uner, & A. G. Onol. 2012. Influence of dietary organic acid blend supplementation and interaction with delayed feed access after hatch on broiler growth performance and intestinal health. Vet. Med. (Praha). 57:515–528. https://doi.org/10.17221/6363-VETMED
Chegini, S., A. Kiani, B. P. Kavan, & H. Rokni. 2019. Effects of propolis and stocking density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune system of heat-stressed broilers. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 18:868-876. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1483750
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Delles, R. M., Y. L. Xiong, A. D. True, T. Ao, & K. A. Dawson. 2014. Dietary antioxidant supplementation enhances lipid and protein oxidative stability of chicken broiler meat through promotion of antioxidant enzyme activity. Poult. Sci. 93:1561-70. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03682
Fascina, V. B., G. A. M. Pasquali, F. B. Carvalho, E. M. Muro, F. Vercese, M. M. Aoyagi, A. C. Pezzato, E. Gonzales, & J. R. Sartori. 2017. Effects of phytogenic additives and organic acids, alone or in combination, on the performance, intestinal quality and immune responses of broiler chickens. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19:497-508. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0422
Ghazalah, I., A. M. Attal, K. M. outElkloub, R. El moustafa, & F. H. Shata. 2011. Effect of supplementation of organic acids on performance, nutrients digestibility and health of broiler chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10:176-184. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.176.184
Gholami, M., M. Chamani, A. Seidavi, A. A. Sadeghi, & M. Aminafschar. 2020. Effects of stocking density and climate region on performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 49:e20190049. https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz4920190049
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Hornsey, V. S., K. McColl, O. Drummond, L. McMillan, A. Morrison, L. Morrison, I. R. MacGregor, & C. V. Prowse. 2006. Extended storage of platelets in SSP platelet additive solution. Vox. Sang. 91:41-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00771.x
Jang, I.-S., S.-H. Yun, Y.-H. Ko, S.-Y. Kim, M.-H. Song, J.-S. Kim, S.-H. Sohn, & Y.-S. Moon. 2014. The effect of stocking density and strain on the performance and physiological adaptive responses in broiler chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 41:205-15. https://doi.org/10.5536/KJPS.2014.41.3.205
Kobayashi, T., M. Kajiwara, M. Wahyuni, T. Kitakado, N. HamadaSato, C. Imada, & E. Watanabe. 2003. Isolation and characterization of halophilic lactic acid bacteria isolated from “terasi” shrimp paste: A traditional fermented seafood product in Indonesia. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49:279-286. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.49.279
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Li, W., F. Wei, B. Xu, Q. Sun, W. Deng, H. Ma, J. Bai, & S. Li. 2019. Effect of stocking density and alpha-lipoic acid on the growth performance, physiological and oxidative stress and immune response of broilers. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 32:1914-1922. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0939
Maeda, M., A. Shibata, G. Biswas, H. Korenaga, T. Kono, T. Itami, & M. Sakai. 2014. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) intestine and assessment of immunomodulatory role of a selected strain as probiotic. Mar. Biotechnol. 16:181-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-013-9532-1
Magnuson, A. D., G. Liu, T. Sun, S. A. Tolba, L. Xi, R. Whelan, & X. G. Lei. 2020. Supplemental methionine and stocking density affect antioxidant status, fatty acid profiles, and growth performance of broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. 98:skaa092. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa092
Mahmoud, R. M. & T. K. El-Rayes. 2016. Effect of stocking density and probiotic supplementation on broiler performance. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production 7:491-497. https://doi.org/10.21608/jappmu.2016.48814
Mareta, I., G. Nathaniel, T. Yudiarti, E. Widiastuti, H. I. Wahyuni, & S. Sugiharto. 2020. Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate and shrimp paste mixture on performance, gut microbes and blood profile of broilers. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 25:182-189.
Messaï, C. R., O. Salhi, D. Khelef, A. Lounas, A. Mohamed-Cherif, R. Kaidi, & K. Aït-Oudhia. 2019. Serological, clinical, and risk factors of the Newcastle disease on broilers flocks in Algeria. Vet. World. 12:938-944. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.938-944
Nasri, H. & A. Baradaran. 2006. Platelet count and mean volume (MPV) in association with plasma HCO3 - in regular hemodialysis patients. Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter. 28:127-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-84842006000200012
Park, B. S., K. H. Um, S. O. Park, & V. A. Zammit. 2018. Effect of stocking density on behavioral traits, blood biochemical parameters and immune responses in meat ducks exposed to heat stress. Arch. Anim. Breed. 61:425-432. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-425-2018
Patria, C. A., R. Afnan, & I. I. Arief. 2016. Physical and microbiological qualities of kampong-broiler crossbred chickens meat raised in different stocking densities. Med. Pet. 39:141-147. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2016.39.3.141
Pearlin, B. V., S. Muthuvel, P. Govidasamy, M. Villavan, M. Alagawany, M. Ragab Farag, K. Dhama, & M. Gopi. 2020. Role of acidifiers in livestock nutrition and health: A review. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl). 104:558-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13282
Peng, M., J. Han, L. Li, & H. Ma. 2016. Suppression of fat deposition in broiler chickens by (-)-hydroxycitric acid supplementation: a proteomics perspective. Sci. Rep. 6:32580. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32580
Pratama, A., I. Mareta, T. Yudiarti, H. I. Wahyuni, E. Widiastuti, & S. Sugiharto. 2021. Administration of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate on growth, hematological, intestinal, and carcass indices of broilers. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 44:79-89. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.79
Qaid, M. M. & M. A. Al-Garadi. 2021. Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: a review. Animals 11:1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041167
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Authors
SugihartoS., WidiastutiE., SartonoT., WahyuniH., PratamaA., & YudiartiT. (2022). Growth, Blood, and Intestinal Indices of Broilers at High Density Pens Provided with Fermented Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Filtrate. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(2), 202-212. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.2.202
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