Factors Associated with the Odds of Pregnancy for Dairy Cattle after Treatment of Ovarian Disorders in Northern Vietnam
Abstract
The study was carried out to assess factors related to the odds of pregnancy for dairy cattle after treating ovarian disorders in some Northern Vietnamese provinces. A total of 449 ovarian-disordered heifers and cows were given appropriate treatments for their diseases and were diagnosed by rectal palpation with pregnant status after artificial insemination. Data collected from ruminants were analyzed by applying Binary Logistics Procedure in SAS 9.0 and three methods were utilized to test the significant level of regressive coefficients related to the factors, which included various nutritional, environmental, and management factors (locations, parities, ages, body condition scores, housing types, mineral licking block diets, rubber bedding, and categories of disordered ovaries). Based on the odds ratio, cows and heifers in Ha-Noi zone had higher odds of pregnancy than in Vinh-Phuc province (odds ratio [OR] =1.97, p<0.05). Multiparous cows were likely to get a lower chance to conceive than heifers. The odds of pregnancy for dairy cattle decreased with the increase of age, and with each month increased of age, the odds of pregnancy decreased by 1.8%. The better housing condition the dairy cattle live in, the higher pregnancy rate they get. The pregnant opportunity of the dairy cattle kept in the concrete floor house is higher than that kept in rubber floor house (OR=4.03; p<0.0001). Adding mineral licking block in their diet affected the conception odds but did not affect BCS. When the appropriate treatment was used, dairy cattle with inactive ovaries were less likely to conceive than those with cystic ovarian disease and persistent corpus luteum.
References
Alawneh, J. I., R. A. Laven, & M. A. Stevenson. 2011. The effect of lameness on the fertility of dairy cattle in a seasonally breeding pasture-based system. J Dairy Sci. 94:5487-5493. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4395
Ari, U. C., S. M. Pancarci, C. Kaçar, O. Güngör, N. C. Lehimcioğlu, Y. Öztürkler, & S. Yildiz. 2017. Effect of progestagen application during ovsynch protocol on pregnancy rates of lactating-grazing cows. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 23:319-32.
Asaf, S., G. Leitner, O. Furman, Y. Lavon, D. Kalo, D. Wolfenson, & Z. Roth. 2013. Effects of Escherichia coli-and Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in lactating cows on oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction 147:33-43. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-13-0383
Aziz, R. L. A. & A. Abdel-Wahab. 2017. Reproductive responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows submitted to presynch-ovsynch protocol. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 6:149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.02.005
Besbaci, M., A. Abdelli, J. J. Minviel, I. Belabdi, R. Kaidi, & D. Raboisson. 2020. Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 103:2006-2018. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16439
BorŞ, S. I. & A. BorŞ. 2020. Ovarian cysts, an anovulatory condition in dairy cattle. J. Vet. Med Sci. 82:1515–1522. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.20-0381
Broes, A. & S. J. LeBlanc. 2014. Comparison of commercial progesterone assays for evaluation of luteal status in dairy cows. Can. Vet. J. 55:582.
Bryan, M. A, G. Bó, R. J. Mapletoft, & F. R. Emslie. 2013. The use of equine chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of anestrous dairy cows in gonadotropin-releasing hormone/progesterone protocols of 6 or 7 days. J. Dairy Sci. 96:122-31. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5452
Cattaneo, L., M. L. Signorini, J. Bertoli, J. A. Bartolomé, N. C. Gareis, P. U. Díaz, G. A. Bó, & H. H. Ortega. 2014. Epidemiological description of cystic ovarian disease in argentine dairy herds: Risk factors and effects on the reproductive performance of lactating cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 49:1028-1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12432
Chebel, R. C., J. E. Santos, J. P. Reynolds, R. L. Cerri, S. O. Juchem, & M. Overton. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84:239-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.12.012
Garcia-Ispierto, I., M. A. Roselló, F. De Rensis, & F. Lopez-Gatius. 2013. A five-day progesterone plus eCG-based fixed-time AI protocol improves fertility over spontaneous estrus in high-producing dairy cows under heat stress. J Reprod. Development. 59:544-548. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2013-041
Ha, G. H., P. V. Gioi, N. V. Thanh, & S. T. Long. 2018. Preliminary study on estrus synchronization by ProB in dairy and beef cattle herds in Phu Dong, Ha-Noi. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 25:70-76.
Hansen, P. J. 2019. Reproductive physiology of the heat-stressed dairy cow: implications for fertility and assisted reproduction. Anim. Reprod. 16:497-507. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2019-0053
Hassan, M., A. Husnain, M. I. Naveed, U. Riaz, & N. Ahmad. 2017. Effect of ovsynch versus prostaglandin F2α protocol on estrus response, ovulation rate, timing of ovulation and pregnancy per artificial insemination in Sahiwal cows. Anim. Sci. J. 88:445-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12661
Herlihy, M. M., M. A. Crowe, D. P. Berry, M. G. Diskin, & S. T. Butler. 2013. Factors associated with fertility outcomes in cows treated with protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy production systems. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1485-1498. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5250
Howlader, M. M. R., M. M. Rahman, M. G. Hossain, & M. A. Hai. 2019. Factors affecting conception rate of dairy cows following artificial insemination in selected location at Sirajganj district of Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 13:9907-9913. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.13.002386
Inchaisri, C., H. Hogeveen, P. L. A. M. Vos, D. W. G. C. Van, & R. Jorritsma. 2010. Effect of milk yield characteristics, breed, and parity on success of the first insemination in Dutch dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5179-5187. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3234
Jeengar, K., V. Chaudhary, A. V. Kumar, S. A. Raiya, M. S. Gaur, & G. N. Purohit. 2014. Ovarian cysts in dairy cows: old and new concepts for definition, diagnosis and therapy. Anim. Reprod. 11:63-73.
Khalil, A. A. Y. 2019. Fertility response of lactating dairy cows subjected to three different breeding programs under subtropical conditions. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 8:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0008-x
Kim, I. H. & J. K. Jeong. 2019. Risk factors limiting first service conception rate in dairy cows and their economic impact. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 32:519-526.
Kumar, N., A. Manimaran, A. Kumaresan, S. Jeyakumar, L. Sreela, P. Mooventhan, & M. Sivaram. 2017. Mastitis effects on reproductive performance in dairy cattle: a review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 49:663-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1253-4
Lima, F. S., M. F. Sá Filho, L. F. M. F. Greco, & J. E. L. F. Santos. 2012. Effects of feeding rumen-protected choline on incidence of diseases and reproduction of dairy cows. Vet. J. 193:140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.019
Long, S. T. & D. B. D. Quang. 2017a. Situation of ovarian diseases in dairy cow at Moc Chau dairy breed jointstock company. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 2:62-69.
Long, S. T. & N. T. Thuy. 2015. Use of hormone for treatment of reproductive diseases in dairy cows raising in Bavi district, Ha-Noi city. 22:66-73.
Long, S. T. & N. T. Thuy. 2017b. Effects of metritis, hoof pathologies, parity and body condition score on postpartum ovarian function on dairy cow in Bavi, Ha-Noi. Journal of Animal Husbandry Sciences and Technics 218:73:80.
Long, S. T. & V. T. Phong. 2017c. Using of Prostaglandin F2α and Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone in treatment of ovarian disorders in dairy herd in Vinh-Phuc province. Journal of Animal Husbandry Sciences and Technics 224:73-79.
Long, S. T., X. N. Hoan, & N. T. Thao. 2014. Influence of the metritis, season and habitus factors to ovary function of dairy cow in 90 days post partum. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 7:60-68.
López-Gatius, F. & R. H. F. Hunter. 2019. Pre-ovulatory follicular temperature in bi-ovular cows. J. Reprod. Dev. 65:191-194. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2018-111
Luu, X. T., C. X. Dan, & S. T. Long. 2014. Application of hormone for treatment of cows with ovarian disease at Ba Vi, Ha-Noi. J. Biotechnol. 12:447-454.
Martins, J. P. N., R. K. Policelli, L. M. Neuder, W. Raphael, & J. R. Pursley. 2011. Effects of cloprostenol sodium at final prostaglandin F2α of Ovsynch on complete luteolysis and pregnancy per artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2815-2824. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3652
McDougall, S., A. A. Cullum, F. M. Anniss, & F. M. Rhodes. 2001. Treatment of anovulatory anoestrous postpartum dairy cows with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), prostaglandin F2α, GnRH regimen or with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate. N.Z. Vet. J.49:168-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2001.36228
Mohammed, Z. A., G. E. Mann, & R. S. Robinson. 2019. Impact of endometritis on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows. Vet. J. 248:8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.03.008
Naglis, G. 2019. Prevalence, diagnostics and treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows. Trakia Journal of Sciences. 4:353-357. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.04.010
Pancarcı, S. M., N. C. Lehimcioglu, U. C. Arı, O. U. C. Güngör, & O. O. Akbulut. 2013. Efficacy of hCG and GnRH with respect to follicular size and presence of the corpus luteum in cosynch protocol integrated with Norgestomet in lactating cows. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pullawy. 57:61-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0011
Ramanathan, K. & V. Kasimanickam. 2021. Impact of heat stress on embryonic development during first 16 days of gestation in dairy cows. Sci Rep.11:14839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94278-2
Rodrigues, A. D. P., M. H. C. Pereira, E. R. Carvalho, A. P. Lemes, T. Martins, R. F. G. Peres, H. B. Graff, L. S. Valino, H. M. Carloto, P. L. P. Fontes, L. F. S. P. Barbosa, & J. L. M. Vasconcelos. 2012. Association of puberty induction protocol and timed-AI protocol in Nelore heifers. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society. (SBTE), August 30th to September 2nd, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil.
Siddiqui, M. A. R., Z. C. Das, J. Bhattacharjee, M. M. Rahman, M. A. Haque, M. M. Islam, J. J. Parish, & M. Shamsuddin. 2013. Factors affecting the first conception rate of cows in smallholder dairy farms in Bangladesh. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 48:500-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12114
Voelz, B. E., L. Rocha, F. Scortegagna, J. S. Stevenson, & L. G. D. Mendonca. 2016. Treatment of lactating dairy cows with gonadotropin-releasing hormone before first insemination during summer heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 99:7612-762. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10970
Wolfenson, D. & Z. Roth Z. 2019. Impact of heat stress on cow reproduction and fertility. Animal Frontiers 9:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfy027
Wolfenson, D., G. Inbar, Z. Roth, M. Kaim, A. Bloch, & R. Braw-Tal. 2004. Follicular dynamics and concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins in lactating cows and nulliparous heifers. Theriogenology 62:1042-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.020
Yasothai, R. 2014. Importance of minerals on reproduction in dairy cattle. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 3:2051-2057.
Yugal, R. B., S. Sulochana, S. Nabaraj, & N. G. Tara. 2013. Effects of nutrition on reproduction-A review. Advances in Applied Science Research 4:421-429.
Ari, U. C., S. M. Pancarci, C. Kaçar, O. Güngör, N. C. Lehimcioğlu, Y. Öztürkler, & S. Yildiz. 2017. Effect of progestagen application during ovsynch protocol on pregnancy rates of lactating-grazing cows. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 23:319-32.
Asaf, S., G. Leitner, O. Furman, Y. Lavon, D. Kalo, D. Wolfenson, & Z. Roth. 2013. Effects of Escherichia coli-and Staphylococcus aureus induced mastitis in lactating cows on oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction 147:33-43. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-13-0383
Aziz, R. L. A. & A. Abdel-Wahab. 2017. Reproductive responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows submitted to presynch-ovsynch protocol. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 6:149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.02.005
Besbaci, M., A. Abdelli, J. J. Minviel, I. Belabdi, R. Kaidi, & D. Raboisson. 2020. Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 103:2006-2018. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16439
BorŞ, S. I. & A. BorŞ. 2020. Ovarian cysts, an anovulatory condition in dairy cattle. J. Vet. Med Sci. 82:1515–1522. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.20-0381
Broes, A. & S. J. LeBlanc. 2014. Comparison of commercial progesterone assays for evaluation of luteal status in dairy cows. Can. Vet. J. 55:582.
Bryan, M. A, G. Bó, R. J. Mapletoft, & F. R. Emslie. 2013. The use of equine chorionic gonadotropin in the treatment of anestrous dairy cows in gonadotropin-releasing hormone/progesterone protocols of 6 or 7 days. J. Dairy Sci. 96:122-31. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5452
Cattaneo, L., M. L. Signorini, J. Bertoli, J. A. Bartolomé, N. C. Gareis, P. U. Díaz, G. A. Bó, & H. H. Ortega. 2014. Epidemiological description of cystic ovarian disease in argentine dairy herds: Risk factors and effects on the reproductive performance of lactating cows. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 49:1028-1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12432
Chebel, R. C., J. E. Santos, J. P. Reynolds, R. L. Cerri, S. O. Juchem, & M. Overton. 2004. Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 84:239-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.12.012
Garcia-Ispierto, I., M. A. Roselló, F. De Rensis, & F. Lopez-Gatius. 2013. A five-day progesterone plus eCG-based fixed-time AI protocol improves fertility over spontaneous estrus in high-producing dairy cows under heat stress. J Reprod. Development. 59:544-548. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2013-041
Ha, G. H., P. V. Gioi, N. V. Thanh, & S. T. Long. 2018. Preliminary study on estrus synchronization by ProB in dairy and beef cattle herds in Phu Dong, Ha-Noi. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 25:70-76.
Hansen, P. J. 2019. Reproductive physiology of the heat-stressed dairy cow: implications for fertility and assisted reproduction. Anim. Reprod. 16:497-507. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2019-0053
Hassan, M., A. Husnain, M. I. Naveed, U. Riaz, & N. Ahmad. 2017. Effect of ovsynch versus prostaglandin F2α protocol on estrus response, ovulation rate, timing of ovulation and pregnancy per artificial insemination in Sahiwal cows. Anim. Sci. J. 88:445-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12661
Herlihy, M. M., M. A. Crowe, D. P. Berry, M. G. Diskin, & S. T. Butler. 2013. Factors associated with fertility outcomes in cows treated with protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy production systems. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1485-1498. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5250
Howlader, M. M. R., M. M. Rahman, M. G. Hossain, & M. A. Hai. 2019. Factors affecting conception rate of dairy cows following artificial insemination in selected location at Sirajganj district of Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 13:9907-9913. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.13.002386
Inchaisri, C., H. Hogeveen, P. L. A. M. Vos, D. W. G. C. Van, & R. Jorritsma. 2010. Effect of milk yield characteristics, breed, and parity on success of the first insemination in Dutch dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5179-5187. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3234
Jeengar, K., V. Chaudhary, A. V. Kumar, S. A. Raiya, M. S. Gaur, & G. N. Purohit. 2014. Ovarian cysts in dairy cows: old and new concepts for definition, diagnosis and therapy. Anim. Reprod. 11:63-73.
Khalil, A. A. Y. 2019. Fertility response of lactating dairy cows subjected to three different breeding programs under subtropical conditions. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 8:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0008-x
Kim, I. H. & J. K. Jeong. 2019. Risk factors limiting first service conception rate in dairy cows and their economic impact. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 32:519-526.
Kumar, N., A. Manimaran, A. Kumaresan, S. Jeyakumar, L. Sreela, P. Mooventhan, & M. Sivaram. 2017. Mastitis effects on reproductive performance in dairy cattle: a review. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 49:663-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1253-4
Lima, F. S., M. F. Sá Filho, L. F. M. F. Greco, & J. E. L. F. Santos. 2012. Effects of feeding rumen-protected choline on incidence of diseases and reproduction of dairy cows. Vet. J. 193:140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.019
Long, S. T. & D. B. D. Quang. 2017a. Situation of ovarian diseases in dairy cow at Moc Chau dairy breed jointstock company. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 2:62-69.
Long, S. T. & N. T. Thuy. 2015. Use of hormone for treatment of reproductive diseases in dairy cows raising in Bavi district, Ha-Noi city. 22:66-73.
Long, S. T. & N. T. Thuy. 2017b. Effects of metritis, hoof pathologies, parity and body condition score on postpartum ovarian function on dairy cow in Bavi, Ha-Noi. Journal of Animal Husbandry Sciences and Technics 218:73:80.
Long, S. T. & V. T. Phong. 2017c. Using of Prostaglandin F2α and Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone in treatment of ovarian disorders in dairy herd in Vinh-Phuc province. Journal of Animal Husbandry Sciences and Technics 224:73-79.
Long, S. T., X. N. Hoan, & N. T. Thao. 2014. Influence of the metritis, season and habitus factors to ovary function of dairy cow in 90 days post partum. Veterinary Sciences and Techniques 7:60-68.
López-Gatius, F. & R. H. F. Hunter. 2019. Pre-ovulatory follicular temperature in bi-ovular cows. J. Reprod. Dev. 65:191-194. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2018-111
Luu, X. T., C. X. Dan, & S. T. Long. 2014. Application of hormone for treatment of cows with ovarian disease at Ba Vi, Ha-Noi. J. Biotechnol. 12:447-454.
Martins, J. P. N., R. K. Policelli, L. M. Neuder, W. Raphael, & J. R. Pursley. 2011. Effects of cloprostenol sodium at final prostaglandin F2α of Ovsynch on complete luteolysis and pregnancy per artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94:2815-2824. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3652
McDougall, S., A. A. Cullum, F. M. Anniss, & F. M. Rhodes. 2001. Treatment of anovulatory anoestrous postpartum dairy cows with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), prostaglandin F2α, GnRH regimen or with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate. N.Z. Vet. J.49:168-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2001.36228
Mohammed, Z. A., G. E. Mann, & R. S. Robinson. 2019. Impact of endometritis on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows. Vet. J. 248:8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.03.008
Naglis, G. 2019. Prevalence, diagnostics and treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows. Trakia Journal of Sciences. 4:353-357. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.04.010
Pancarcı, S. M., N. C. Lehimcioglu, U. C. Arı, O. U. C. Güngör, & O. O. Akbulut. 2013. Efficacy of hCG and GnRH with respect to follicular size and presence of the corpus luteum in cosynch protocol integrated with Norgestomet in lactating cows. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pullawy. 57:61-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0011
Ramanathan, K. & V. Kasimanickam. 2021. Impact of heat stress on embryonic development during first 16 days of gestation in dairy cows. Sci Rep.11:14839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94278-2
Rodrigues, A. D. P., M. H. C. Pereira, E. R. Carvalho, A. P. Lemes, T. Martins, R. F. G. Peres, H. B. Graff, L. S. Valino, H. M. Carloto, P. L. P. Fontes, L. F. S. P. Barbosa, & J. L. M. Vasconcelos. 2012. Association of puberty induction protocol and timed-AI protocol in Nelore heifers. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society. (SBTE), August 30th to September 2nd, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil.
Siddiqui, M. A. R., Z. C. Das, J. Bhattacharjee, M. M. Rahman, M. A. Haque, M. M. Islam, J. J. Parish, & M. Shamsuddin. 2013. Factors affecting the first conception rate of cows in smallholder dairy farms in Bangladesh. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 48:500-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12114
Voelz, B. E., L. Rocha, F. Scortegagna, J. S. Stevenson, & L. G. D. Mendonca. 2016. Treatment of lactating dairy cows with gonadotropin-releasing hormone before first insemination during summer heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 99:7612-762. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10970
Wolfenson, D. & Z. Roth Z. 2019. Impact of heat stress on cow reproduction and fertility. Animal Frontiers 9:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfy027
Wolfenson, D., G. Inbar, Z. Roth, M. Kaim, A. Bloch, & R. Braw-Tal. 2004. Follicular dynamics and concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins in lactating cows and nulliparous heifers. Theriogenology 62:1042-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.020
Yasothai, R. 2014. Importance of minerals on reproduction in dairy cattle. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 3:2051-2057.
Yugal, R. B., S. Sulochana, S. Nabaraj, & N. G. Tara. 2013. Effects of nutrition on reproduction-A review. Advances in Applied Science Research 4:421-429.
Authors
LongS. T., ToanN. C., GioiP. V., & HangP. T. (2022). Factors Associated with the Odds of Pregnancy for Dairy Cattle after Treatment of Ovarian Disorders in Northern Vietnam. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(3), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.3.277
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
