Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Composition of Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Containing Fish Oil and Vitamin E
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary vitamin E and fish oils on performance, carcass yield, cholesterol, omega-3, and omega-6 in the meats of broiler chickens. A total of 400 Lohmann day-old broiler chicks consisted of 200 males and 200 females were reared for 35 days. This experiment employed a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments were T0: Control diet with 3% crude palm oil without vitamin E; T1: Diet containing 3% fish oil; T2: Diet containing 3% fish oil and 80 IU/kg vitamin E; T3: Diet containing 3% fish oil and 100 IU/kg vitamin E, and T4: Diet containing 3% fish oil and 120 IU/kg vitamin E. The result showed that dietary fish oil and vitamin E had no effect (p>0.05) on feed intake, body weight, weight gain, AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn, but it tended to decrease the mortality rate. T3 significantly reduced (p<0.05) FCR in the finisher phase and meat cholesterol compared to the control. T1 and T3 significantly (p<0.05) reduced carcass weight percentage. Dietary fish oil and vitamin E increased omega-3 levels, and declined the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3. It is concluded that supplementation of 100 IU Vitamin E in the diet containing 3% fish oil improved feed efficiency by 9.95%, decreased cholesterol of the meat by 44.76%, increased omega-3 of the meat by 81.92%, and yielded the best ratio of omega-6: omega-3 of the meat, i.e., 10.34:1.
References
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Chekaniazar, S. & H. A. Shahryar. 2018. Omega-3 enrichment of broiler dark meat: reducing unlike fats and fishy taint for consumer acceptance. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. 8: 74-83.
Cheng, K., M. Zhang, X. Huang, X. Zheng, Z. Song, L. Zhang, & T. Wang. 2018. An evaluation of natural and synthetic vitamin E supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broilers in early age. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 98:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJAS-2017-0040
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Hassanpour, H., S. Bahadoran, & N. Borjian. 2016. Vitamin E improves morphology and absorptive surface of small intestine in broiler chickens reared at high altitude. Poult. Sci. J. 4:19-26.
Ibrahim, D., R. El-Sayed, S. I. Khater, E. N. Said, & S. A. M. El-Mandrawy. 2018. Changing dietary n-6: n-3 ratio using different oil sources affects performance, behavior, cytokines mRNA expression and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. Anim. Nutr. 4:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.003
Ismail, F. S. A., M. R. El-Gogary, & M. I. El-Nadi. 2014. Influence of vitamin E supplementation and stocking density on performance, thyroid status, some blood parameters, immunity and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Asian J. An. Vet. Adv. 9:702-712. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.702.712
Ismail, A., G. Bannenberg, H. B. Rice, E. Schutt, & D. MacKay. 2016. Oxidation in EPA- and DHA-rich oils: an overview. Lipid. Technol. 28:55-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201600013
Khan, R. U., S. Naz, Z. Nikousefat, V. Tufarelli, M. Javdani, N. Rana, & V. Laudadio. 2011. Effect of vitamin E in heat-stressed poultry. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 67:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000511
Kleiner, I. S. & L. B. Dotti. 1962. Laboratory Instruction in Biochemistry. 6th Ed. The C.V. Mosby Company, New York.
Lange, K. W., Y. Nakamura, A. M. Gosslau, & S. Li. 2019. Are there serious adverse effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements?. J. Food. Bioact. 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.31665/JFB.2019.7192
Leeson, S. & J. D. Summers. 2001. Nutrition of the Chicken. 4th Ed. University Books, Canada.
Lee, G. Y. & S. N. Han. 2018. The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients. 10:1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614
Liu, P., B. J. Kerr, C. Chen, T. E. Weber, L. J. Johnston, & G. C. Shurson. 2014. Methods to create thermally oxidized lipids and comparison of analytical procedures to characterize peroxidation. J. Anim. Sci. 92:2950–2959. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5708
Long, S. F., S. Kang, Q. Q. Wang, Y. T. Xu, L. Pan, J. X. Hu, M. Li, & X. S. Piao. 2018. Dietary supplementation with DHA-rich microalgae improves performance, serum composition, carcass trait, antioxidant status, and fatty acid profile of broilers. Poult. Sci. 97:1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey027
Mandal, G. P., T. K. Ghosh, & A. K. Patra. 2014. Effect of different dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios on the performance and fatty acid composition in muscles of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27:1608-1614. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14013
Mansoub, N. H. & Y. Bahrami. 2011. Influence of dietary fish oil supplementation on humoral immune response and some selected biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. J. Agrobiol. 28:67–77. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10146-011-0008-5
Mariana, A., Pompeua, F. L. Luigi, Cavalcanti, L. B. Fabio, & Toral. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livest. Sci. 208: 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.021
NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Ed. National Academic Press. Washington.
Narciso-Gaytán, C., D. Shin, A. Sams, J. Keeton, R. Miller, & S. Smith. 2010. Dietary lipid source and vitamin E effect on lipid oxidation stability of refrigerated fresh and cooked chicken meat. Poult. Sci. 89:2726–2734. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00738
Navidshad, B. 2009. The Effects of Fish oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks fed a low-protein diet. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 11: 635-638.
Niu, Z. Y., Y. N. Min, & F. Z Liu. 2017. Dietary vitamin E improves meat quality and antioxidant capacity in broilers by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 46:397-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1309321
Nobakht, A. 2012. The effects of different levels of poultry fat with vitamin E on performance and carcass traits of broilers. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 7:1420-1424. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1172
Panda, A. K., K. Sridhar, G. Lavanya, B. Prakash, S. V. Rama Rao, & M. V. L. N. Raju. 2016. Effect of dietary incorporation of fish oil on performance, carcass characteristics, meatfatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat in broiler chickens. Anim. Nutr. Feed. Technol. 16:417-425. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-181X.2016.00037.8
Pompeu, M. A., L. F. L. Cavalcanti, & F. L. B. Toral. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meatquality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livest. Sci. 208:5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.021
Pitargue, F.M., J. H. Kim, D. Goo, J. B. Delos Reyes, & D. Y. Kil. 2019. Effect of vitamin E sources and inclusion levels in diets on growth performance, meat quality, alpha-tocopherol retention, and intestinal inflammatory cytokine expression in broiler chickens Poult. Sci. 98:4584–4594. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez149
Prastiya, R. A., Rimayanti, M. M. Munir, & A. P. Nugroho. 2021. The protective impacts of α-tocopherol supplementation on the semen quality of sapera goat preserved at 4 oC. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 4:261-266. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.3.261
Rahimi, S., S. K. Azad, & M. A. Karimi Torshizi. 2011. Omega-3 enrichment of broiler meat by using two oil seeds. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13:353-365.
Rayani T. F., R. Mutia, & Sumiati. 2017. Supplementation of zinc and vitamin E on apparent digestibility of nutrient, carcass traits, and mineral availability in broiler chickens. Med. Pet. 40:20-27. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2017.40.1.20
Shahidi, F. & P. Ambigaipalan. 2018. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annu. Rev. Food. Sci. Technol. 9:345-381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850
Selvam, R., M. Saravanakumar, S. Suresh, G. Sureshbabu, M. Sasikumar, & D. Prashanth. 2017. Effect of Vitamin E supplementation and high stocking density on the performance and stress parameters of broilers. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19: 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0417
Sibbald, I. & M. Wolynetz. 1985. Relationships between estimates of bioavailable energy made with adult cockerels and chicks: Effects of feed intake and nitrogen retention. Poult. Sci. 64:127-138. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640127
Silva, I., A. M. L. Ribeiro, C. W. Canal, M. M. Vieira, C. C. Pinheiro, T. Gonçalves, & V. S. Ledur. 2011. Effect of vitamin E levels on the cell-mediated immunity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 13:53-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2011000100008
Sumiati, A. Darmawan, & W. Hermana. 2021. Performances and egg quality of laying ducks fed diets containing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal and golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 43:227-232. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2020.43.3.227
Taşdelen, E. Ö. & N. Caylan. 2017. Effects of dietary inclusion of oil sources with or without vitamin E on body composition and meat oxidation level in broilers. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19:103-109. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0174
Tayeb, T. I. & G. K. Qader. 2012. Affect of feed supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on production performance and some hematological parameters of broiler. KSU. J. Nat. Sci. 15:46-56.
Voljč, M., T. Frankic, A. Levart, M. Nemec, & J. Salobir. 2011. Evaluation of different vitamin E recommendations and bioactivity of a-tocopherol isomers in broiler nutrition by measuring oxidative stress in vivo and the oxidative stability of meat. Poult. Sci. 90:1478–1488. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01223
Abudabos, A. M., F. Saleh, A. Lemme, & H. A. H. Zakaria. 2014. The relationship between guanidino acetic acid and metabolizable energy level of diets on performance of broiler chickens. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 13:548-556. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3269
Al-Khalaifah, H. 2020. Modulatory effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on ımmunity, represented by phagocytic activity. Front. Vet. Sci. 7:569939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.569939
AOAC (Association of Official Agricultural Chemists). 1984. Standard Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. 14th Ed. Assoc. Anal. Chem., Washington.
Araujo, R. G. A. C., G. do Valle Polycarpo, V. H. A. Amaral, P. V. Giacomini, G. A. de Lima, B. F. da Silva Barbosa, G. Ventura, & V. C. Cruz-Polycarpo. 2019. Apparent metabolizable energy values of n-6 and n-3 rich lipid sources for laying hens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 99: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0195
Attia, Y. A., M. A. Al-Harthi, & H. M. Abo El-Maaty. 2020. The effects of different oil sources on performance, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, biochemical, ımmunological, antioxidant, and morphometric responses of broiler chicks. Front. Vet. Sci. 7:181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00181
Aviagen. 2014. Ross 308 Broiler Performance Objectives. Aviagen Group, Alabama, USA.
Ayed, H.B., H. Attia, & M. Ennouri. 2015. Effect of oil supplemented diet on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Adv. Tech. Biol. Med. 4:156. https://doi.org/10.4172/2379-1764.1000156
Bhatti, N., Z. Hussain, M. Mukhtar, A. Ali, M. Imran, A. Rafique, S. Manzoor, & S. Rehman. 2016. Effects of vitamins E and C supplementation on the ımmune response of broiler chicks. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir. 8: 151-154. https://doi.org/10.4172/jaa.1000152
Candela, C. G., L. M. B. López, & V. L. Kohen. 2011. Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations. Nutr. Hosp. 26:323-329.
Chekaniazar, S. & H. A. Shahryar. 2018. Omega-3 enrichment of broiler dark meat: reducing unlike fats and fishy taint for consumer acceptance. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. 8: 74-83.
Cheng, K., M. Zhang, X. Huang, X. Zheng, Z. Song, L. Zhang, & T. Wang. 2018. An evaluation of natural and synthetic vitamin E supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broilers in early age. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 98:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJAS-2017-0040
Ehr, I. J., B. J. Kerr, & M. E. Persia. 2015. Effects of peroxidized corn oil on performance, AMEn, and abdominal fat pad weight in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 94:1629–1634. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev131
Farrell, D. 1978. A nutritional evaluation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 3: 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(78)90038-X
Felipe, S. D., L. F. T. Albino, H. J. D. Lima, J. N. Silva, & J. Moreira. 2015. Heat stress and vitamin E in diets for broilers as a mitigating measure. Acta Sci. Anim. Sci. 37:419-427. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i4.27456
Ganeco, A. G., M. M. Boiago, J. L. M. Mello, A. A. De Souza, F. B. Ferrarı, P. A. De Souza, & H. Borba. 2020. Lipid assessment, cholesterol and fatty acid profile of meat from broilers raised in four different rearing systems. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 92:e20190649. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020190649
Hassanpour, H., S. Bahadoran, & N. Borjian. 2016. Vitamin E improves morphology and absorptive surface of small intestine in broiler chickens reared at high altitude. Poult. Sci. J. 4:19-26.
Ibrahim, D., R. El-Sayed, S. I. Khater, E. N. Said, & S. A. M. El-Mandrawy. 2018. Changing dietary n-6: n-3 ratio using different oil sources affects performance, behavior, cytokines mRNA expression and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. Anim. Nutr. 4:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.003
Ismail, F. S. A., M. R. El-Gogary, & M. I. El-Nadi. 2014. Influence of vitamin E supplementation and stocking density on performance, thyroid status, some blood parameters, immunity and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Asian J. An. Vet. Adv. 9:702-712. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.702.712
Ismail, A., G. Bannenberg, H. B. Rice, E. Schutt, & D. MacKay. 2016. Oxidation in EPA- and DHA-rich oils: an overview. Lipid. Technol. 28:55-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201600013
Khan, R. U., S. Naz, Z. Nikousefat, V. Tufarelli, M. Javdani, N. Rana, & V. Laudadio. 2011. Effect of vitamin E in heat-stressed poultry. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 67:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933911000511
Kleiner, I. S. & L. B. Dotti. 1962. Laboratory Instruction in Biochemistry. 6th Ed. The C.V. Mosby Company, New York.
Lange, K. W., Y. Nakamura, A. M. Gosslau, & S. Li. 2019. Are there serious adverse effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements?. J. Food. Bioact. 7:1–6. https://doi.org/10.31665/JFB.2019.7192
Leeson, S. & J. D. Summers. 2001. Nutrition of the Chicken. 4th Ed. University Books, Canada.
Lee, G. Y. & S. N. Han. 2018. The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients. 10:1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614
Liu, P., B. J. Kerr, C. Chen, T. E. Weber, L. J. Johnston, & G. C. Shurson. 2014. Methods to create thermally oxidized lipids and comparison of analytical procedures to characterize peroxidation. J. Anim. Sci. 92:2950–2959. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5708
Long, S. F., S. Kang, Q. Q. Wang, Y. T. Xu, L. Pan, J. X. Hu, M. Li, & X. S. Piao. 2018. Dietary supplementation with DHA-rich microalgae improves performance, serum composition, carcass trait, antioxidant status, and fatty acid profile of broilers. Poult. Sci. 97:1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey027
Mandal, G. P., T. K. Ghosh, & A. K. Patra. 2014. Effect of different dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios on the performance and fatty acid composition in muscles of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27:1608-1614. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14013
Mansoub, N. H. & Y. Bahrami. 2011. Influence of dietary fish oil supplementation on humoral immune response and some selected biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. J. Agrobiol. 28:67–77. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10146-011-0008-5
Mariana, A., Pompeua, F. L. Luigi, Cavalcanti, L. B. Fabio, & Toral. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livest. Sci. 208: 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.021
NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Ed. National Academic Press. Washington.
Narciso-Gaytán, C., D. Shin, A. Sams, J. Keeton, R. Miller, & S. Smith. 2010. Dietary lipid source and vitamin E effect on lipid oxidation stability of refrigerated fresh and cooked chicken meat. Poult. Sci. 89:2726–2734. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00738
Navidshad, B. 2009. The Effects of Fish oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks fed a low-protein diet. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 11: 635-638.
Niu, Z. Y., Y. N. Min, & F. Z Liu. 2017. Dietary vitamin E improves meat quality and antioxidant capacity in broilers by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 46:397-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1309321
Nobakht, A. 2012. The effects of different levels of poultry fat with vitamin E on performance and carcass traits of broilers. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 7:1420-1424. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1172
Panda, A. K., K. Sridhar, G. Lavanya, B. Prakash, S. V. Rama Rao, & M. V. L. N. Raju. 2016. Effect of dietary incorporation of fish oil on performance, carcass characteristics, meatfatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat in broiler chickens. Anim. Nutr. Feed. Technol. 16:417-425. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-181X.2016.00037.8
Pompeu, M. A., L. F. L. Cavalcanti, & F. L. B. Toral. 2018. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, meatquality, and immune response of male broiler chickens: A meta-analysis. Livest. Sci. 208:5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.021
Pitargue, F.M., J. H. Kim, D. Goo, J. B. Delos Reyes, & D. Y. Kil. 2019. Effect of vitamin E sources and inclusion levels in diets on growth performance, meat quality, alpha-tocopherol retention, and intestinal inflammatory cytokine expression in broiler chickens Poult. Sci. 98:4584–4594. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez149
Prastiya, R. A., Rimayanti, M. M. Munir, & A. P. Nugroho. 2021. The protective impacts of α-tocopherol supplementation on the semen quality of sapera goat preserved at 4 oC. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 4:261-266. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.3.261
Rahimi, S., S. K. Azad, & M. A. Karimi Torshizi. 2011. Omega-3 enrichment of broiler meat by using two oil seeds. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13:353-365.
Rayani T. F., R. Mutia, & Sumiati. 2017. Supplementation of zinc and vitamin E on apparent digestibility of nutrient, carcass traits, and mineral availability in broiler chickens. Med. Pet. 40:20-27. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2017.40.1.20
Shahidi, F. & P. Ambigaipalan. 2018. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their health benefits. Annu. Rev. Food. Sci. Technol. 9:345-381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-111317-095850
Selvam, R., M. Saravanakumar, S. Suresh, G. Sureshbabu, M. Sasikumar, & D. Prashanth. 2017. Effect of Vitamin E supplementation and high stocking density on the performance and stress parameters of broilers. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19: 587-594. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0417
Sibbald, I. & M. Wolynetz. 1985. Relationships between estimates of bioavailable energy made with adult cockerels and chicks: Effects of feed intake and nitrogen retention. Poult. Sci. 64:127-138. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0640127
Silva, I., A. M. L. Ribeiro, C. W. Canal, M. M. Vieira, C. C. Pinheiro, T. Gonçalves, & V. S. Ledur. 2011. Effect of vitamin E levels on the cell-mediated immunity of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 13:53-56. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2011000100008
Sumiati, A. Darmawan, & W. Hermana. 2021. Performances and egg quality of laying ducks fed diets containing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal and golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 43:227-232. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2020.43.3.227
Taşdelen, E. Ö. & N. Caylan. 2017. Effects of dietary inclusion of oil sources with or without vitamin E on body composition and meat oxidation level in broilers. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19:103-109. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0174
Tayeb, T. I. & G. K. Qader. 2012. Affect of feed supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on production performance and some hematological parameters of broiler. KSU. J. Nat. Sci. 15:46-56.
Voljč, M., T. Frankic, A. Levart, M. Nemec, & J. Salobir. 2011. Evaluation of different vitamin E recommendations and bioactivity of a-tocopherol isomers in broiler nutrition by measuring oxidative stress in vivo and the oxidative stability of meat. Poult. Sci. 90:1478–1488. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01223
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Sumiati, DarmawanA., & HermanaW. (2022). Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Composition of Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Containing Fish Oil and Vitamin E. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(2), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.2.195
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