Protodioscin Content, Degradation Kinetics, and In Vitro Digestibility of Marandu Palisadegrass Hay as were Affected by Cutting Interval of the Canopy
Abstract
Even though marandu palisadegrass is widely used in Brazil, the consumption of this forage may cause photosensitization in ruminants due to the protodioscin. This study aimed to recommend a harvest cutting interval for haymaking that provides a better nutritional value and lower levels of protodioscin. The experimental treatments were four cutting intervals (21 d, 35 d, 49 d, and 63 days of regrowth period up to forage harvest). The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. We assessed the forage production, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, in vitro degradation kinetics, and protodioscin content. The forage accumulation rate did not differ with the increased cutting interval. The crude protein contents and in vitro digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with the increased cutting interval in fresh and hay material. The greatest gas production in hay material was occurred in 21 d cutting interval, which was 26%, 14%, and 5% greater than cutting intervals of 63, 49, and 35 d, respectively. A linear increase was observed in protodioscin concentration in hay according to the cutting interval, which in the hay with 63 d cutting interval was 7%, 29%, and 43% greater than hays with cutting interval of 49, 35, and 21 d, respectively. In addition, protodioscin contents were lower in hay compared to fresh material. The haymaking process reduced protodioscin content in relation to forage before haymaking. Our results showed that the better condition to harvest marandu palisadegrass for hay was at 21 d. The better condition to develop a productive canopy is associated with better nutritive value and lower protodioscin content.
References
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington.
Barthram, G. 1985. Experimental Techniques: The HFRO Sward Stick. Aberdeen.
Brum, B., M. Haraguchi, R. A. A. Lemos, F. R. Correa, & M. C. S. Fioravanti. 2007. Crystal-associated cholangiopathy in sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens containing the saponin protodioscin. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 27:39-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2007000100007
Coblentz, W. K., M. S. Akins, J. S. Cavadini, & W. E. Jokela. 2017. Net effects of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritive value and digestibility of oat forages. J. Dairy Sci. 100:1739-1750. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12027
Costa, K. A. P., I. P. Oliveira, V. Faquin, B. P. Neves, C. Rodrigues, & F. M. T. Sampaio. 2007. Effect of cutting periods on Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5 dry mass production and bromatologic-chemical composition. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 31:1197-1202. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542007000400037
Da Silva, S. C., A. F. Sbrissia, & L. E. T. Pereira. 2015. Ecophysiology of C4 forage grasses understanding plant growth for optimising their use and management. Agriculture 5:598-625. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5030598
Diamantino, G. M., F. Pierezan, M. I. C. Ferreira, W. S. D. Rocha, V. M. O. Veiga, C. E. Martins, M. O. Veiga, & B Soto-Blanco. 2020. Photosensitization by Brachiaria ruziziensis in a sheep herd. Toxicon. 185:1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.022
Embrapa. Brazilian Agricultural Pasquisa Company. 2006. National Soil Research Center Brazilian System of Soil Classification. Brasilia. 412p.
Faccin, T. C., F. Riet-Correa, F. S. Rodrigues, A. C. Santos, G. K. A. Melo, J. A. Silva, R. Ferreira, C. C. B. F. Ítavo, & R. A. A. Lemos. 2014. Poisoning by Brachiaria brizantha in flocks of naive and experienced sheep. Toxicon. 82:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.008
Ganzera, M., E. Bedir, & I. A. Khan. 2001. Determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection. J. Pharm. Sci. 90:1752-1758. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.1124
Habermann, E., E. A. D. Oliveira, D. R. Contin, G. Delvecchio, D. O. Viciedo, M. A. Moraes, R. M. Prado, K. A. P. Costa, M. R. Braga, & C. A. Martinez. 2019 Warming and water deficit impact leaf photosynthesis and decrease forage quality and digestibility of a C4 tropical grass. Physiol. Plant. 165:383-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12891
Hodgson, J., D. A. Clark, & R. J. Mitchell. 1994. Foraging Behavior in Grazing Animals and Its Impact on Plant Communities. In: Fahey Junior GC (Ed.) Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization. Madison: American Society of Agronomy. pp. 796-827. https://doi.org/10.2134/1994.foragequality.c19
Holden, L. A. 1999. Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1791-1794. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75409-3
Jank, L., S. C. Barrios, C. B. Valle, R. M. Simeão, & Alves G. F. 2014. The value of improved pastures to Brazilian beef production. Crop. Pasture. Sci. 65:1132-1137. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13319
Kaps, M. & W. R. Lamberson. 2017. Biostatistics for Animal Science. London: Cabi. pp. 459. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781786390356.0000
Leal, E. S., L. C. V. Ítavo, C. B. Valle, C. C. B. F. Ítavo, A. M. Dias, G. S. Difante, M. Barbosa-Ferreira, L. M. Nonato, G. K. A. Melo, & A. L. C. Gurgel. 2020. Influence of protodioscin content on digestibility and in vitro degradation kinetics in Urochloa brizantha cultivars. Crop. Pasture. Sci. 71:278-284. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18357
Lemaire, G., J Hodgson, & A. Chabbi. 2011. Grassland Productivity and Ecosystem Services. Cabi, Wallingford. pp. 312. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845938093.0000
Lozano, M. C., Martinez, N. M., & Diaz, G. J. 2017. Content of the Saponin Protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia. Toxins. 9:220. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070220
Lima, F. G. D., S. T. Lee, J. A. Pfister, E. S. Miyagi, G. L. Costa, R. D. D. Silva, & M. C. S. Fioravanti. 2015. The effect of ensiling and haymaking on the concentrations of steroidal saponin in two Brachiaria grass species. Ciência Rural. 45:858-866. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141305
Meagher, L. P., A. L. Wilkins, C. O. Miles, R. G. Collin, & J. J. Fagliari. 1996. Hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants by Brachiaria decumbens and Panicum dichotomiflorum in the absence of sporidesmin: lithogenic saponins may be responsible. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 38:271-274.
Moore, K. J., A. W. Lenssen, & S. L. Fales. 2020. Factors affecting forage quality. Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, II, 7th Ed., Chapter 39. 2:701-717. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119436669.ch39
Mustafa, V. S., A. R. C. Moscardini, J. R. J. Borges, G. C. Reckziegel, F. Riet- Correa, & M. B. Castro. 2012. Brachiaria spp. poisoning in sheep in Central Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 32:1272-1280. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012001200010
Nave, R. L., G, R. M. Sulc, & D. J. Barker. 2013. Relationships of forage nutritive value to cool-season grass canopy characteristics. Crop. Sci. 53:341-348. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.04.0236
Pedreira, B. C. E., C. G. S. Pedreira, & S. C. Silva. 2009. Herbage accumulation during regrowth of Xaraés palisadegrass submitted to rotational stocking strategies. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38:618-625. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000400005
Riet-Correa, B., M. B. Castro, R. A. Lemos, G. Riet-Correa, V. Mustafa, & F. Riet-Correa. 2011. Brachiaria spp. poisoning of ruminants in Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 31:183-192. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2011000300001
Miranda‐Romero, L. A., D. N. Tirado‐González, G. Tirado‐Estrada, R. Améndola‐Massiotti, L. Sandoval‐González, R. Ramírez‐Valverde, & A. Z. Salem. 2020. Quantifying non‐fibrous carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber and cellulose of forage through an in vitro gas production technique. J. Sci. Food Agric. 100:3099-3110. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10342
Sbrissia, A. F., P. G. Duchini , G. D. Zanini, G. T. Santos, D. A. Padilha, & D. Schmitt. 2018. Defoliation strategies in pastures submitted to intermittent stocking method: underlying mechanisms buffering forage accumulation over a range of grazing heights. Crop. Sci. 58:945-954. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.07.0447
Schofield, P., R. E. Pitt, & A. Pell. 1994. Kinetics of fiber digestion from in vitro gas production. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2980-2991. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72112980x
Van Soest, P. V., J. B. Robertson, & B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
