Tracking of Resistant Salmonella Species in Poultry Farms: New Method of Control Using Essential Oils Nano-Emulsion Conjugated with Antimicrobial Agents
Abstract
This work was designed to monitor and track Salmonella spp. in the different internal organs (heart, liver, spleen, and caecum) of 247 bird species (chickens n=176, chicks n=47, ducks n=15, and ducklings n=9) with variable ages in two governorates; El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef, Egypt. Besides assessing the antimicrobial activity of antibacterial agents, essential oils, oils nano-emulsion, and their interactions with each other against salmonellae isolates for their control at the farm level. All samples were collected aseptically for further microbiological and serological investigations. Moreover, the efficiency of essential oils and oils nano-emulsion (thymol, carvacrol, basil, and cinnamon) against recovered Salmonellae were tested using the agar dilution method. A total of fourteen Salmonella serotypes were detected from different investigated internal organs (heart, liver, and spleen), and the three most predominant serovars were S. virchow (17.14%), S. infantis (11.43%), and S. anatum (11.43%). The resistance profile of Salmonella spp. referred to 47.14%, 40.0%, 31.43%, 25.71%, 21.43%, 21.43%, and 21.43% against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, aztreonam, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and tobramycin, respectively. The ability of essential oils (carvacrol oil 0.01%, basil 0.1%, cinnamon 0.01%, and thymol oil 0.01%) to inhibit the growth of Salmonellae differed significantly at 34.29%, 17.14%, 11.43%, and 1.43%, respectively (p<0.05). Oppositely, essential oils nano-emulsion (thymol 0.01%, carvacrol 0.001%, basil 0.1%, and cinnamon 0.01%) showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella species. In conclusion, the interactive action between essential oils and antimicrobial agents approved the ability to enhance the susceptibility of the resistant Salmonella isolates against gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, and cefazolin. In addition, the interactive action between essential oils nano-emulsion and antimicrobial agents on resistant Salmonella isolates revealed a complete enhanced effect against cefotaxime and variable enhancement against aztreonam.
References
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (EFSA BIOHAZ Panel), K. Koutsoumanis, A. Allende, A. Alvarez-Ordonez, D. Bolton, S. Bover-Cid, M. Chemaly, A. De Cesare, L. Herman, F. Hilbert, R. Lindqvist, M. Nauta, L. Peixe, G. Ru, M. Simmons, P. Skandamis, E. Suffredini, J. Dewulf, T. Hald, V. Michel, T. Niskanen, A. Ricci, E. Snary, F. Boelaert, W Messens, & R. Davies. 2019. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. E. J. EFSA. 17:5596. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596
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Elsotohy, M. E. M. 2019. Molecular characterization of Salmonella Enterica isolated from broilers. Thesis (PH.D.). Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt. p. 166.
Elyemni, M., B. Louaste, I. Nechad, T. Elkamli, A. Bouia, M. Taleb, M. Chaouch, & N. Eloutassi. 2019. Extraction of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L.by two different methods: Hydrodistillation and microwave assisted hydrodistillation. Sci. World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3659432
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), & European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC). 2016. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2014. EFSA J. 13:4329. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4329
Ghosh, V., S. Saranya, A. Mukherjee, & N. Chandrasekaran. 2013. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: investigation of its bactericidal activity. J. Nanosci. 13:114-122. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.6701
Grimont, P. A. & F. Weill. 2007. Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars. 9th ed. WHO, Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Paris, France.
Guarda, A., J.F. Rubilar, J. Miltz, & M. J. Galotto. 2011. The antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated thymol and carvacrol. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 146: 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.011
Guibourdenche, M., P. Roggentin, M. Mikoleit, P. I. Fields, J. Bockemiihl, P. A. D. Grimont, & F. Weill. 2010. Supplement 2003-2007 (No.47) to the white-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme. Res Microbiol. 161:26-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2009.10.002
Hendriksen, R. S., A. R. Vieira, S. Karlsmose, D. M. A. L. F. Wong, A. B. Jensen, H. C. Wegener, & F. M. Aarestrup. 2011. Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization global foodborne infections network country data bank: Results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 8:887-900. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0787
Hessen, A. H. A. 2006. Evaluation of Organic Acids in Prevention and Control of Paratyphoid Infection in Chicken Flocks. Theses (M.V.Sc.). Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. p.125.
Hossain, M. A., M. R. Amin, M. D. I. Khan, M. L. Mollah, & M. A. Amin. 2015. Occurrences, treatment, and antibiotic resistant pattern of colibacillosis and salmonellosis in broiler. J. Biosci. Agric. Res. 4:67-73. https://doi.org/10.18801/jbar.040215.44
Hussein, J., M. El-Bana, E. Refaat, & M. E. El-Naggar. 2017. Synthesis of carvacrol-based nanoemulsion for treating neurodegenerative disorders in experimental diabetes. J. Funct. Foods. 37:441-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.011
Idris, M., U. Huzaifa, H. Hamisu, & S. Zubaida. 2015. Nanoencapsulation of essential oils with enhanced antimicrobial activity: A new way of combating antimicrobial resistance. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 4:165-170.
ISO 6579. 2002. E 4th ed. Microbiology - General guidance on methods for the detection of Salmonella, International Organization for Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland.
Kumari S., R. V. Kumaraswamy, R. C. Choudhary, S. S. Sharma, A. Pal, R. Raliya, P. Biswas, & V. Saharan. 2018. Thymol nanoemulsion exhibits potential antibacterial activity against bacterial pustule disease and growth promotory effect on soybean. Sci. Rep. 8:6650. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24871-5
Kumar, Y., V. Singh, G. Kumar, N. K. Gupta, & A. K. Tahlan. 2019. Serovar diversity of Salmonella among poultry. Indian J Med Res. 150:92-95. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1798_17
Medhat, D., H. A. El-mezayen, M. E. El-Naggar, A. Farrag, M. E. Abdelgawad, J. Hussein, & M. H. Kamal. 2019. Evaluation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level in experimental Alzheimer’s disease: Impact of carvacrol nanoparticles. Mol. Biol. Rep. 46:4517-4527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04907-3
Mshelbwala, F. M., N. D. Ibrahim, S. N. Saidu, A. A. Azeez, P. A. Akinduti, C. N. Kwanashie, A. K. F. Kadiri, M. Muhammed, I. O. Fagbamila, & P. D. Luka. 2017. Motile Salmonella serotypes causing high mortality in poultry farms in three South-Western States of Nigeria. Vet. Rec. Open 4:e000247. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000247
Osman, K. M., A. M. M. Yousef, M. M. Aly, & M. I. Radwan. 2010. Salmonella spp. infection in imported 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults: a public health risk. Foodborne pathog. Dis. 7:383-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2009.0358
Pathania, R., H. Khan, R. Kaushik, & M. A. Khan. 2018. Essential oil nanoemulsions and their antimicrobial and food applications. Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 6:626-643. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.05
Pongsumpun, P., S. Iwamoto, & U. Siripatrawan. 2019. Response surface methodology for optimization of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion with improved stability and antifungal activity. ULTRASON SONOCHEM. 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.05.021
Quinn P. J., B. K. Markey, M. E. Carter, W. J. C. Donnelly, F. C. Leonard, & D. Maguire. 2002. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. Blackwell, New Jersey. p. 113-116.
Rattanachaikunsopon, P. & P. Phumkhachorn. 2010. Antimicrobial Activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Oil against Salmonella enteritidis in Vitro and in Food. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74:1200-1204. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90939
Ribeiro, S. O., V. Fontaine, V. Mathieu, A. Zhiri, D. Baudoux, C. Stevigny, & F. Souard. 2020. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of ten commercially available essential oils. Antibiotics. 9:717. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100717
Rusenova, N. & P. Parvanov. 2009. Antimicrobial activities of twelve essential oils against microorganisms of veterinary importance. Trakia J. Sci. 7:37-43.
Sakkas, H. & C. Papadopoulou. 2017. Antimicrobial activity of basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27:429-438. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1608.08024
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Authors
SalamH. S. H., MohammedA. N., HosniA. R., & ShehataA. A. E. (2021). Tracking of Resistant Salmonella Species in Poultry Farms: New Method of Control Using Essential Oils Nano-Emulsion Conjugated with Antimicrobial Agents. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(4), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.4.489
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