The Use of Teat-End Hyperkeratosis to Predict Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality of Holstein Cows Raised in Egypt
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association between teat-end hyperkeratosis (THK) and somatic cell count (SCC) and to assess the effect of SCC on milk yield, fat, and protein percentages of Holstein cows. A total of 740 udder quarters of 185 Holstein cows kept in three commercial herds in Egypt were enrolled in the study from May to September 2019. Foremilk samples were collected from udder quarters for assessing milk SCC, fat, and protein percentages. On the same cows, a digital picture of each teat end orifice was taken with a digital camera. Cows’ teats were assessed for THK and classified into two different groups of hyperkeratosis; mild and severe THK. SCC was converted to five classes of somatic cell score (SCS). Simple linear regression was performed to determine the loss of milk yield, fat, and protein percentages. SCC was significantly affected by THK (p<0.0001). About 57% of teats were classified as mild THK and 43% as severe THK. The teats with severe THK recorded higher SCC in milk. It was observed that SCS had a significant effect on fat and protein percentages (p<0.0001). A similar trend was shown for the effect of SCS on milk yield (p<0.05), where the highest values of milk traits were obtained for the lowest SCS. The loss of milk was 220 g/day. Also, fat and protein percentages decreased by 0.11% and 0.08%, respectively, for each unit increase in SCS, from zero to four. In conclusion, severe THK can lead to high SCC, which negatively affects milk traits.
References
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Ali, A. K. A. & G. E. Shook. 1980. An optimum transformation for somatic cell concentration in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 63:487-490. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82959-6
Asadpour, R., H. Bagherniaee, M. Houshmandzad, H. Fatehi, A. Rafat, K. Nofouzi, & K. Maftouni. 2015. Relationship between teat end hyperkeratosis with intra mammary infection and somatic cell counts in lactating dairy cattle. Rev. Med. Vet. 166:266-270.
Badiuzzaman, M., M. A. Samad, S. H. M. F. Siddiki, M. T. Islam, & S. Saha. 2015. Subclinical mastitis in lactating cows: Comparison of four screening tests and effect of animal factors on its occurrence. Bangladesh J. Vet. Med. 13:41-50. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i2.26627
Bar, D., Y. T. Gröhn, G. Bennett, R. N. González, J. A. Hertl, H. F. Schulte, L. W. Tauer, F. L. Welcome, & Y. H. Schukken. 2007. Effect of repeated episodes of generic clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:4643-4653. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0145
Bogucki, M. 2018. Effect of lactation stage and milking frequency on milk yield from udder quarters of cows. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 48:636-642.
Cardozo, L. L., A. Thaler Neto, G. N. Souza, L. C. A. Picinin, N. C. Felipus, N. L. M. Reche, F. A. Schmidt, D. Werncke, & E. E. Simon. 2015. Risk factors for the occurrence of new and chronic cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in southern Brazil. J. Dairy Sci. 98:7675-7685. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8913
De Vliegher, S., L. K. Fox, S. Piepers, S. McDougall, & H. W. Barkema. 2012. Invited review: Mastitis in dairy heifers: Nature of the disease, potential impact, prevention, and control. J. Dairy Sci. 95:1025-1040. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4074
Egyptian Standards of Raw Milk. 2010. Raw milk specification, Egyptian organization for standardization and quality control. Ministry of Industry, Egypt. No. 7123.
Emre, B. & E. Alaçam. 2015. The occurrence of teat hyperkeratosis in cows and its effect on milk somatic cell counts. Turkiye Klin. J. Vet. Sci. 6:1-6. https://doi.org/10.5336/vetsci.2012-29182
Feltes, G. L., V. T. Michelotti, A. M. Prestes, A. P. Bravo, C. Bondan, M. D. A. Dornelles, F. C. Breda, & P. R. N. Rorato. 2016. Milk production and percentages of fat and protein in Holstein breed cows raised in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc. Rural. 46:700-706. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150465
Franzoi, M., C. L. Manuelian, M. Penasa, & M. De Marchi. 2019. Effects of somatic cell score on milk yield and mid-infrared predicted composition and technological traits of Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian, and Simmental cattle breeds. J. Dairy Sci. 103:791-804. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16916
Guarín, J. F., M. G. Paixão, & P. L. Ruegg. 2017. Association of anatomical characteristics of teats with quarter-level somatic cell count. J. Dairy Sci. 100:643-652. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11459
Gurmessa, J. & A. Melaku. 2012. Effect of lactation stage, pregnancy, parity and age on yield and major components of raw milk in bred cross Holstein Friesian cows. World J. Dairy Food Sci. 7:146-149.
Halasa, T., M. Nielen, A. P. W. De Roos, R. Van Hoorne, G. De Jong, T. J. G. M. Lam, T. Van Werven, & H. Hogeveen. 2009. Production loss due to new subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy cows estimated with a test-day model. J. Dairy Sci. 92:599-606. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1564
Heinrichs, J., C. Jones, & K. Bailey. 2016. Milk components: Understanding milk fat and protein variation in your dairy herd. https://extension.psu.edu/milk-components-understanding-milk-fat-and-protein-variation-in-your-dairy-herd. [3 August 2018].
Juozaitiene, V., A. Juozaitis, J. Zymantiene, V. Oberauskas, A. Aniulienė, L. Kajokienė, A. Yilmaz, & A. Simokaitienė. 2019. The effect of different levels of teat-end hyperkeratosis on mammary infrared thermograph and mastitis in dairy cows. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 66:21-26. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002883
Khatun, M., R. M. Bruckmaier, P. C. Thomson, J. House, & S. C. García. 2019. Suitability of somatic cell count, electrical conductivity, and lactate dehydrogenase activity in foremilk before versus after alveolar milk ejection for mastitis detection. J. Dairy Sci. 102:9200-9212. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15752
Kul, E., A. Şahin, S. Atasever, E. Uğurlutepe, & M. Soydaner. 2019. The effects of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk composition in Holstein cows. Vet. Arh. 89:143-154. https://doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0168
Le Maréchal, C., R. Thiéry, E. Vautor, & Y. Le Loir. 2011. Mastitis impact on technological properties of milk and quality of milk products-a review. Dairy Sci. Technol. 91:247-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13594-011-0009-6
Manzi, M. D. P., D. B. Nobrega, P. Y. Faccioli, M. Z. Troncarelli, B. D. Menozzi, & H. Langoni. 2012. Relationship between teat-end condition, udder cleanliness and bovine subclinical mastitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 93:430-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.010
Mein, G. A., F. Neijenhuis, W. F. Morgan, D. J. Reinemann, J. E. Hillerton, J. R. Baines, I. Ohnstad, M. D. Rasmussen, L. Timms, J. S. Britt, R. Farnsworth, N. Cook, & T. Hemling. 2001. Evaluation of Bovine Teat Condition in Commercial Dairy Herds: 1. Non-Infectious Factors. AABB-NMC International Symposium Mastitis Milk Quality Proceeding, Vancouver, BC, Canada. p. 347-351.
Mein, G. A. 2012. The role of the milking machine in mastitis control. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 28:307-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.03.004
Miles, A. M., J. A. A. McArt, F. A. Leal Yepes, C. R. Stambuk, P. D. Virkler, & H. J. Huson. 2019. Udder and teat conformational risk factors for elevated somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in New York Holsteins. Prev. Vet. Med. 163:7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.010
Mitev, J. E., Zh. I. Gergovska & T. M. Miteva. 2012. Effect of teat end hyperkeratosis on milk somatic cell counts in Bulgarian Black-and-White dairy cattle. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 18:451-454.
Nasr, M. A. F., & M. S. El-Tarabany. 2017. Impact of three THI levels on somatic cell count, milk yield and composition of multiparous Holstein cows in a subtropical region. J. Therm. Biol. 64:73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.01.004
Neijenhuis, F., H. W. Barkema, H. Hogeveen, & J. P. T. M. Noordhuizen. 2000. Classification and longitudinal examination of callused teat ends in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2795-2804. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75177-0
Nielsen, N. I., T. Larsen, M. Bjerring, & K. L. Ingvartsen. 2005. Quarter health, milking interval, and sampling time during milking affect the concentration of milk constituents. J. Dairy Sci. 88:3186-3200. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73002-2
Pinzón-Sánchez, C., & P. L. Ruegg. 2011. Risk factors associated with short-term post-treatment outcomes of clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 94:3397-3410. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3925
Ríos-utrera, Á., R. C. Calderón-robles, & J. R. Galavíz-rodríguez. 2013. Effects of breed, calving season and parity on milk yield, body weight and efficiency of dairy cows under subtropical conditions. Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5:226-232. https://doi.org/10.19026/ijava.5.5602
Ruegg, P. L., & J. C. F. Pantoja. 2013. Understanding and using somatic cell counts to improve milk quality. Irish. J. Agric. Food Res. 52:101-117.
Sadeghi-sefidmazgi, A. & F. Rayatdoost-baghal. 2014. Effects of herd management practices on somatic cell counts in an arid climate. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 43:499-504. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000900007
Sadek, R. R., G. Ashour, M. A. M. Ibrahim, & A. M. Samoul. 2014. Effect of daily weight gain on age at first calving and subsequent milk yield of Holstein heifers in Egypt. J. Anim. Prod. 51:164-171. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejap.2014.93644
Sandrucci, A., L. Bava, M, Zucali, & A. Tamburini. 2014. Management factors and cow traits influencing milk somatic cell counts and teat hyperkeratosis during different seasons. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 43:505-511. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000900008
Schwarz, D., U. S. Diesterbeck, K. Failing, S. König, K. Brügemann, M. Zschöck, W. Wolter, & C. P. Czerny. 2010. Somatic cell counts and bacteriological status in quarter foremilk samples of cows in Hesse, Germany-a longitudinal study. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5716-5728. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3223
Sebastino, K. B., H. Uribe, & H. H. González. 2020. Effect of test year, parity number and days in milk on somatic cell count in dairy cows of Los Ríos region in Chile. Austral J. Vet. Sci. 52:1-7. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-81322020000100102
Sharma, N., N. K. Singh, & M. S. Bhadwal. 2011. Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: An overview. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24:429-438. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10233
Sharma, A., S. Sharma, N. Singh, V. Sharma, & R. S. Pal. 2016. Impact of udder and teat morphometry on udder health in Tharparkar cows under climatic condition of hot arid region of Thar Desert. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 48:1647-1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1138-y
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Authors
AbdelghanyS., FahimN., SamirF., & RadwanM. (2021). The Use of Teat-End Hyperkeratosis to Predict Somatic Cell Count and Milk Quality of Holstein Cows Raised in Egypt. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(2), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.2.213
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