Administration of Fermented Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit Filtrate on Growth, Hematological, Intestinal, and Carcass Indices of Broilers
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of administration of graded levels of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate in drinking water on the growth performance, hematological variables, intestinal ecology, and carcass characteristics of broilers. The experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design. Two hundred day-old-Lohmann broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups, each consisting of 5 replications with 10 chicks in each replication. The treatments were administration of fermented A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate through drinking water at concentrations of 0% (CONT), 0.5% (FAB05), 1.0% (FAB1), and 2.0% (FAB2). Blood was sampled on days 21 and 33, while intestinal segments and digesta were collected on day 33. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (p<0.05) with the increased concentrations of fermented filtrate in drinking water. Body weight, cumulative feed intake, and mortality of broilers were not affected by the treatments. On day 21, thrombocytes decreased (p<0.05) with the increased concentrations of fermented filtrate. On day 33, leukocytes and lymphocytes were lower (p<0.05) in treated chicks than in control. On day 21, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (p<0.05) with the enhanced fermented filtrate concentrations. On day 33, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (p<0.05) following the increased fermented filtrate concentration in drinking water. Fermented fruit filtrate increased (p<0.05) jejunal villi height and ileal crypt depth. Fermented filtrate also resulted in higher (p<0.05) pH values of jejunum. The Enterobacteriaceae counts in the ileum decreased (p<0.05) with the increased fermented filtrate concentration in drinking water. Fermented fruit filtrate decreased (p<0.05) the liver and caeca weights and increased (p<0.05) the proventriculus weight. In conclusion, administration of 2% of fermented A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate (pH 1.83) through drinking water improved FCR, physiological condition, and intestinal ecology of broilers. The addition of fermented fruit filtrate up to 2% in drinking water did not exert a negative effect on the carcass characteristics of broilers.
References
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Isroli, I., T. Yudiarti, E. Widiastuti, H. I. Wahyuni, T. A. Sartono, & S. Sugiharto. 2018. Effect of Bacillus probiotics on internal organs and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 30:11. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/11/sgh_u30183.html
Khan, S. H, & J. Iqbal. 2016. Recent advances in the role of organic acids in poultry nutrition. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 44:359-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2015.1079527
Mabelebele, M., O. J. Alabi., J. W. Ngambi, D. Norris, & M. M. Ginindza. 2014. Comparison of gastrointestinal tracts and pH values of digestive organs of Ross 308 broiler and indigenous Venda chickens fed the same diet. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9:71-76. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.71.76
Ngasotter, S., D. Waikhom, S. Mukherjee, M. S. Devi, & A. S. Singh. 2020. Diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented fish products: a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 9:2238-2249. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.255
Nosrati, M., F. Javandel, L. M. Camacho, A. Khusro, M. Cipriano, A. Seidavi, & A. Z. M. Salem. 2019. The effects of antibiotic, probiotic, organic acid, vitamin C, and Echinacea purpurea extract on performance, carcass characteristics, blood chemistry, microbiota, and immunity of broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 26:295-306. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw073
Nourmohammadi, R., & H. Khosravinia. 2015. Acidic stress caused by dietary administration of citric acid in broiler chickens. Arch. Anim. Breed. 58:309-315. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-309-2015
Olnood, C. G., S. M. Beski, P. A. Iji, & M. Choct. 2015. Delivery routes for probiotics: Effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora. Anim. Nutr. 1:192-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.07.002
Palamidi, I., & K. C. Mountzouris. 2018. Diet supplementation with an organic acids-based formulation affects gut microbiota and expression of gut barrier genes in broilers. Anim. Nut. 4:367-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.03.007
Pearlin, B. V., S. Muthuvel, P. Govidasamy, M. Villavan, M. Alagawany, M. R. Farag, K. Dhama, & M. Gopi. 2020. Role of acidifiers in livestock nutrition and health: A review. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 104:558-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13282
Recoules, E., M. Lessire, V. Labas, M. J. Duclos, L. Combes-Soia, L. Lardic, C. Peyronnet, A. Quinsac, A. Narcy, & S. Réhault-Godbert. 2019. Digestion dynamics in broilers fed rapeseed meal. Sci. Rep. 9:3052. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38725-1
Renatami, R. K., A. Noerdin, B. Irawan, & A. Soufya. 2018. Effects of differing concentrations of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) extract gel on enamel surface roughness. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1073:032012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1073/3/032012
Rodjan, P., K. Soisuwan, K. Thongprajukaew, Y. Theapparat, S. Khongthong, J. Jeenkeawpieam, & T. Salaeharae. 2018. Effect of organic acids or probiotics alone or in combination on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 102:931-940. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12858
Rodríguez, L. G. R., F. Mohamed, J. Bleckwedel, R. Medina, L. De Vuyst, E. M. Hebert, & F. Mozzi. 2019. Diversity and functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild fruits and flowers present in Northern Argentina. Front. Microbiol. 10:1091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01091
Sabour, S., S. A. Tabeidiana, & Sadeghi, G. 2019. Dietary organic acid and fiber sources affect performance, intestinal morphology, immune responses and gut microflora in broilers. Anim. Nut. 5:156-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.07.004
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Authors
PratamaA., MaretaI., YudiartiT., WahyuniH. I., WidiastutiE., & SugihartoS. (2021). Administration of Fermented Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit Filtrate on Growth, Hematological, Intestinal, and Carcass Indices of Broilers. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.79
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