Nutritive Value and Preference of Guinea-Grass Ensiled with or without Additive by West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats
Abstract
A study was designed to investigate silage additives’ effect on preference and nutritive value of five weeks re-growth guinea grass by West African dwarf (WAD) goats. The silages of five weeks re-growth guinea grass were made without additive (T1), with cassava peels additive (T2), and with fermented epiphytic juice of lactic acid bacteria in Panicum maximum (FEJPM) additive (T3). The effects of silage additives on preference, voluntary feed intake, growth, digestibility, and nitrogen utilization were assessed using 18 growing WAD goats (BW: 5.88±0.26 kg) in a completely randomized design. Dry matter was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 silage (40.70 g/100g) than in T1 silage (39.00) and T3 silage (34.60). Crude protein values were similar (p>0.05) in T1 and T3 silages (10.63 and 10.72 g/100g DM) that were significantly lower (p<0.05) than that in T2 silage (12.54 g/100g DM). The silages of guinea grass had acceptable physical attributes in terms of color, odor, and texture, with pH values ranging from 3.87- 4.97. T1 and T3 silages were rejected, whereas T2 silage was accepted well by the experimental WAD goats. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly (p<0.05) the highest in the WAD goats fed T2 silage (303.30 g/day), and the lowest (p<0.05) was found in WAD goats fed T1 silage (271.60 g/day). Similar to the ADFI, the highest average daily gain (ADG) was found in WAD goats fed T2 silage (37.25 g/day), and the lowest ADG (p<0.05) was found in WAD goats fed T1 silage (24.50 g/day). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of WAD goats fed T2 silage (8.15) was superior to those of WAD goats fed T1 silage (13.63) and T3 silage (9.66). Crude protein and dry matter digestibility values were higher (p<0.05) in WAD goat fed T2 silage (68.24 and 63.87%, respectively) than in WAD goats fed T1 and T3 silages. Nitrogen intake and balance were significantly (p<0.05) the highest in WAD goats fed T2 silage (12.41 and 8.68 g/day, respectively), and these variables were similar in WAD goats fed T1 and T3 silages. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the silage additives. It was concluded that cassava peels were better than FEJPM as a silage additive since it improved fermentative quality, acceptability, feed intake, and digestibility of guinea grass silage by WAD goats.
References
Abegunde, T.O. & T. F. Akinropo. 2018. Performance and haematological parameters of West African Dwarf goats fed water hyacinth ensiled with breadfruit. Bull Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 66:727-740.
Abegunde, T.O., J. A. Odedire, C. O. Akande, R. T. Omoleke, & M. A. Adebayo. 2019. Nutritive value and acceptability of dry banana leaves ensiled with cassava peels and urea by West African Dwarf sheep. Intl. J. Agric. Env. Res. 5:216-230.
Adesehinwa, A. O. K., A. Samireddypalle, A. A. Fatufe, E. Ajayi, B. Boladuro, & I. Okike. 2016. High quality cassava peel fine mash as energy source for growing pigs: Effect on growth performance, cost of production and blood parameters. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 28:207. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/11/ades28207.html. [12 May 2020]
Ajayi, F. T. & S. O. Omotosho. 2018. Potentials of Albizia lebbeck-cassava peel silage as dry season feed for West African dwarf sheep. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 41: 1151-1167.
Ajayi, F. T., S. O. Omotoso, & T. O. Dauda. 2016. Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Corncob-Poultry Dropping Silage. The Pacific J. Sci. Tech. 17: 278-287.
Akinwande, V. O., A. A. Mako, S. Bakare, L. Sikiru, & B. Taiwo. 2019. Performance, apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization by West African dwarf ewes fed ensiled Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O kuntze based diets. Slovak J. Anim. Sci. 52:16-23.
Ani, E., B. Igbabul, J. Ikya, & J. Amove. 2019. Nutritional values, antinutritional factors and molar ratio of minerals to anti nutrients of plant based yoghurt from Bambara nut, soyabean and Moringa oleifera seed milk. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition. 3:18-28.
Anya, M. I. & P. O. Ozung. 2018. Performance and carcass characteristics of West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed cassava peel meal based diets supplemented with African yam bean concentrate. Int. J. Adv. Agric. Sci. Technol. 5:95-108.
AOAC. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington.
Asaolu, V.O., S. M. Odeyinka, O. O. Akinbamijo, & F. G. Sodeinde. 2010. Effects of moringa and bamboo leaves on groundnut hay utilization by West African Dwarf goats. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 22:12. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/1/asao22012.html. [23 May 23 2016]
Auwal, M. M., J. M. Yelwa, I. Abubakar, J. B. Umar, B., H. G. Anchau, & F. B. Tanimu. 2019. The levels of antinutritional factors in: Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina leaves found in some part of Plateau State, Nigeria. Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences. 4:1-5. https://doi.org/10.13005/OJPS04.02.06
Bureenok, S., C. Yuangklang, K. Vasupen, J. T. Schonewille, & Y. Kawamoto. 2012. The effects of additives in Napier grass silages on chemical composition, feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 25:1248-1254. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12081
Daniel, J. & J. Resende. 2012. Absorption and metabolism of volatile fatty acids by rumen and omasum. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 36:93-99. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542012000100012
Dobreva, M. A., R. A. Frazier, I. Mueller-Harvey, L. A. Clifton, A. Gea, & R. J. Green. 2011. Binding of pentagalloyl glucose to two globular proteins occurs via multiple surface sites. Biomacromolecules. 12:710-715. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm101341s
Eyor, G. D., M. D. Udo, & C. P. Edet. 2019. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of West African bucks fed different forms of processed Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). Curr Agri Res. 7:2. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.7.2.13
Ezeonu, C. S. & C. M. Ejikeme. 2016. Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemical contents of indigenous Nigerian softwoods. New J. Sci. vol. 2016, Article ID 5601327, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5601327
Fabiszewska, A.U., K. J. Zielińska, & B. Wróbel. 2019. Trends in designing microbial silage quality by biotechnological methods using lactic acid bacteria inoculants: A mini review. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35:76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2649-2
Falola, O. O., M. C. Alasa, & O. J. Babayemi. 2013. Assessment of silage quality and forage acceptability of Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty) ensiled with cassava peels by WAD goats. Pak. J. Nutr. 12:529-533. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.529.533
Hagerman, A. E. 2012. Fifty Years of Polyphenol-Protein Pomplexes. In: Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research. Vol. 3. 3rd ed. Cheynier, V.; Sarni-Manchado, P. and Quideau, eds. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford, UK. p.71-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118299753.ch3
Hamchara, P., P. Chanjula, A. Cherdthong. & M. Wanapat. 2018. Digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen balance with various feeding levels of oil palm fronds treated with Lentinus sajor-caju in goats. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 31:1619-1626. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0926
Heuzé V., G. Tran, H. Archimède, C. Régnier, D. Bastianelli, & F. Lebas. 2016. Cassava peels, cassava pomace and other cassava by-products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/526
Ibhaze, G. A. 2015. Feeding quality of fermented maizecob based diets as feed for west african dwarf goats. Applied Tropical Agriculture. 20: 52-56.
Idowu, O. J., O. M. Arigbede, P. A. Dele, J. A. Olanite, O. O. Adelusi, V. O. A. Ojo, & A. S. Sunmola. 2013. Nutrients intake, performance and nitrogen balance of West African Dwarf sheep fed graded levels of toasted Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds as supplement to Panicum maximum. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 16:1806-1810. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1806.1810
Jiang, Q., G. Li, T. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Gao, X. Xing, J. Zhao, & F. Yang. 2015. Effects of dietary protein level on nutrients digestibility and reproductive performance of female mink (Neovison vison) during gestation. Anim. Nutri. 1:65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.002
Kissada, B., W. Metha, & N. Chainarong. 2010. Replacement of soybean meal by yeast fermented-cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) in concentrate diets fed on rumen fermentation, microbial population and nutrient digestibility in ruminants. J. Anim. Veter. Adv. 9: 1727-1734. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.1727.1734
Kung, L., R. D. Shaver, R. J. Grant & R. J. Schmid. 2018. Silage Review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial and organoleptic components of silages. J. Dairy Sci. 101:4020-4033. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909
Mako, A. A., V. O. Akinwande, O. I. Abiola-Olagunju, O. J. Babayemi, & A.O. Akinsoyinu. 2012. Variations in chemical nutrients and mineral concentrations of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms- Laubach). Niger. J. Anim. Prod. 39:199-205.
Muck, R. 2013. Recent advances in silage microbiology. Agric. Food Sci. 22:3-15. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6718
Napasirth, V.; P. Napasirth, T. Sulinthone, K. Phommachanh & Y. Cai. 2015. Microbial population, chemical composition and silage fermentation of cassava residues. Anim. Sci. J. 86:842-848. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12362
NRC (National Research Council). 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/11654
Odedire, J. A. & T. O. Abegunde. 2014. Effect of graded levels of Saccharum officinarum as an additive to Panicum maximum (Jacq) silage. African J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 14:1-12
Ogunbosoye, D. O., J. A. Odedire. & A. Akinfemi. 2016. Silage Characteristics and voluntary intake of ensiled maize residue- browse plants mixtures fed red Sokoto goats as dry season feedstuffs in Kwara State, Nigeria. Intl. J. Innov. Res. In Tech. Sci. 4: 62-67.
Olorunnisomo O. A. & A. Adesina. 2014. Silage characteristics, nutritive value and preference of Zebu cows for moringa leaf ensiled with different levels of cassava peel. Agricultural Journal. 8:295-2298.
Olorunnisomo, O. A. 2011. Silage characteristics and acceptability of elephant grass and cassava peel silage by ruminants in southwest Nigeria. In: Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries (SAADC 2011), Volume III, 26 - 29 July, 2011, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. p. 201-206.
Olorunnisomo, O. A. & O. H. Fayomi. 2012. Quality and preference of Zebu heifers for legume or elephant grass-silages with cassava peel. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 24:168.
Ososanya, T. O. & O.A. Olorunnisomo. 2015. Silage characteristics and preference of sheep for wet brewer’s grain ensiled with maize cob. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 27:12.
Rahman, M. M., R. B. Abdullah, W. Wan Khadijah, T. Nakagawa & R. Ryo Akashi. 2014. Feed intake and growth performance of goats fed with Napier grass and oil palm frond supplemented with soya waste. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 43:256-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.963095
SAS. 2012. Statistical Analytical Systems. SAS Version 9.2 user’s guide. SAS Institute, Carry, NY.
Shittu, K. A. & A. A. Amusan. 2015. Effects of different agricultural land use types on physical properties under rainforest agroecology. African J. Agric. Res. 10:1817-1822. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9143
Silva de Oliveira, J., E. M. Santos, & A. P. Maia dos Santos. 2016. Intake and Digestibility of Silages, Advances in Silage Production and Utilization, Thiago da Silva and Edson Mauro Santos. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/65280
Silva, J., J. Oliveira, N. Ariosvalo, E. Santos, T. Magalhães, A. Ramos & H. Bezerra. 2014. Elephant grass ensiled with wheat bran compared with corn silage in diets for lactating goats. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 43:618-626. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014001100008
Soliva, C. R., S. L. Amelchanka, & M. Kreuzer. 2015. The requirements for rumen-degradable protein per unit of fermentable organic matter differ between fibrous feed sources. Front. Microbiol. 6:715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00715
Umar, K. J, L. Abubakar, B. Alhassan, S. D. Yahaya, L. G. Hassan, N. A. Sani, & M. U. Muhammad. 2014. Nutritional profile of Balanites aegyptiaca flower. Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş”. Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii. 24:169-173
Wanapat, M. & S. Kang. 2015. Cassava chip (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an energy source for ruminant feeding. Anim. Nutr. 1:266-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.12.001
Wanapat, M., S. Kang, & S. Polyorach. 2013. Development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics. J. Anim. Sci. Biotech. 4:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-32
Ventura-Canseco, L. C., J. M. Nunez, M. Abud.Archila, M. A. Olivia-Llaven, L. Dendooven, & F.A. Guitierrez-Miceli. 2012. Sugarcane molasse and whey as additives in the silage of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrates [DC.] Stapf) leaves. Chilean J. Agric. Res. 72:87-91. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392012000100014
Yitbarek, M. & B. Tamir. 2014. Silage additives: Review. Open J. Appl. Sci. 4:258-274. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.45026
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Tropical Animal Science Journal. The statement to release the copyright to Tropical Animal Science Journal is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Article Details
