Carcass and Meat Characteristics of Male Bali Cattle in Indonesian Smallholder Farms Fed Ration with Different Protein Levels
Abstract
The objective of research was to determine the effect of different protein levels on the carcass and meat characteristics of male Bali cattle fattened in smallholder farms. The cattle used were 18 heads aged 2 to 2.5 years with initial body weight of 229.86±12.46 kg. The experimental cattle were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups i.e., T₀, T₁, and T₂. The T₀ group cattle were fed ration according to traditional practices of fattening cattle by farmers (100% forage). The T₁ group cattle were fed ration with 12% CP and 72% TDN. The T₂ group cattle were fed ration with 15% CP and 72% TDN. The variables measured were final body weight and the characteristics of the carcass (meat, fat, and ratio of meat to bone), and meat quality including the chemical composition of the meat (protein, fat, and collagen), meat tenderness, cooking loss, water holding capacity, and degree of acidity (pH). Data were analyzed by variance analysis. Results of research showed that the final body weight, and weight of carcass, meat, and fat of T₁ and T₂ groups were similar; conversely, those parameters in T₀ group cattle were lower (P<0.05) that those in T₁ and T₂ groups cattle. The meat protein content of T₁ and T₀ groups cattle were similar; conversely, T₂ group cattle had lower (P<0.05) meat protein content compared to T₁ and T₀ groups cattle. Fat content of T₁ group of cattle was higher (P<0.05) than that of T₀ group; while moisture contents and cooking losses of T₀ group cattle were higher (P<0.05) compared to those of T1 and T₂ groups cattle. Collagen content of meat in T₁ group cattle was higher than (P<0.05) that in T₀ group cattle, but T₂ group cattle had similar meat collagen content to T₁ and T₀ groups cattle. Meat tenderness of T₁ group cattle was higher (P<0.05) compared to those of T₀ and T₂ group cattle. It is concluded that the male Bali cattle fed ration with 12% CP and 72% TDN can increase the carcass characteristics and meat quality. This proves that the productivity of male Bali cattle can be increased when fed ration with adequate protein with a balanced energy content.
References
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Lee, K.-W., Y.-H. Hwang, & S.-T. Joo. 2017. Meat tenderness characteristics of ten major muscles from Hanwoo steers according to quality grades of carcasses. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 37:593–598. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.4.593
Li, L., Y. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. He, & B. Cao. 2014. Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus × Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-21
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Oka, I.G.L., I.P. Suyadnya., S. Putra., I.M. Suarna., N. Suparta., I.K. Saka., N.K. Suwiti., I.M. Antara., I.N. Puja., I.W. Sukanata., A.A. Oka., & I.M. Mudita. 2012. Sapi Bali Sumber Daya Genetik Asli Indonesia. Udayana University Press. Pp. 268–277.
Orellana, C., F. Peña, A. García, J. Perea, J. Martos, V. Domenech, & R. Acero. 2009. Carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and meat quality of Criollo Argentino and Braford steers raised on forage in a semi-tropical region of Argentina. Meat Sci. 81: 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.06.015
Osborne, B.G. 2006. Application of near infrared spectroscopy in quality screening of early-generation material in cereal breeding programmes. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 14: 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.595
Panjaitan, T., M. Fauzan, Dahlanuddin, M. Halliday, & H. M. Shelton. 2014. Growth of Bali bulls fattened with Leucaena leucocephala in Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia. Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales. 2:116−118.
Pearson, A.M. & T.R. Dutson. 1985. Advance in Meat Research. Vol. 1. Electrical Stimulation. Avi Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5939-5
Prado, I. N., M. M. Campo, E. Muela, M. V. Valero, O. Catalan, J. L. Olleta, & C. Sañudo. 2014. Effects of castration age, dietary protein level and lysine/methionine ratio on animal performance, carcass and meat quality of Friesian steers intensively reared. Animal 8: 1561–1568. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001591
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Soeparno. 2011. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Gizi Daging. Edisi Pertama. Gadjah University Press. Yogyakarta.
Špehar, M., D. Vincek, & S. Žgur. 2008. Beef Quality: Factors Affecting Tenderness and Marbling. Review paper. Stočarstvo. 62: 463-478.
Steel, R.G.D & J.H. Torrie. 1995. Prinsip Dan Prosedur Statistika. Penterjemah Bambang Sumantri. Gramedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Suryanto, E., Bulkaini, Ashari, & I.W. Karda. 2014. Carcass quality, marbling and cholesterol content of male bali cattle fed fermented cocoa shell. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 39:249-255. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.39.4.249-255
Tahuk, P. K. & A.A. Dethan. 2010. Performance of Bali bull in greenlot fattening by farmers when rainy season in Timor island. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 35:257-261. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.35.4.257-261
Tahuk, P.K., S.P.S Budhi, Panjono, N. Ngadiyono, R. Utomo, C. T. Noviandi, & E. Baliarti. 2017. Growth performance of male Bali cattle fattening fed ration with different protein levels in smallholder farms, West Timor, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 11: 65-73. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2017.65.73
Tahuk, P.K., S. P. S. Budhi, Panjono, & E. Baliarti. 2018a. Nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and blood metabolites in fattening of male Bali cattle fed ration with different protein levels in smallholder farms. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 43:43-53. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.43.1.43-53
Tahuk, P.K., E.Baliarti, S. P. S. Budhi, & Panjono. 2018b. The effect of season on the feed quantity and quality and growth performance of male Bali cattle fattened in smallholder farms. Buletin Peternakan 42: 203-209.
Tullio R.R., M. Jua, I.L. Larsen, J.A. Basarab, & J.L. Aalhus. 2014. Influence of some meat quality parameters on beef tenderness. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 455-458. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-157
Ueda, Y., 1 A. Watanabe, M. Higuchi, H. Shingu, S. Kushibiki, & M. Shinoda. 2007. Effects of intramuscular fat deposition on the beef traits of Japanese Black steers (Wagyu). Animal Science Journal. 78: 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00424.x
Yantika, S.M., Alamsyari, D. Evvyernie, D. Diapari, & K. Winaga. 2016. Performance, carcass production, and meat quality of Sumba Ongole bulls fed ration supplemented velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens). Med. Pet. 39:20-26. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2016.39.1.20
AMSA (American Meat Science Association). 2015. Research guidelines for cookery, sensory evaluation and instrumental tenderness measurements of meat. Second Edition Version 1.0. American Meat Science Association 201 W Springfield Ave, Suite 1202 Champaign, Illinois USA 61820.
Agustina, K.K., I.M.R. Dwi Cahya, G.M. Widyantara, I.B.N. Swacita, A.A.G.O. Dharmayudha, & M.D. Rudyanto. 2017. Nilai gizi dan kualitas fisik daging sapi bali berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan umur (Nutrition level and physical quality of Bali beef according to the sex and age of cattle). Buletin Veteriner Udayana. 9: 156-163.
Ali, H.M., G. Alam, J. A Syamsu, Salengke, & M. A Asja. 2014. Average daily gain, AST and blood nitrogen urea (BUN) responses of bali beef on cocoa waste extract supplement. Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies. 1: 5 – 9. https://doi.org/10.12720/joaat.1.1.5-9
Cheng, Q. & D.W Sun. 2008. Factors affecting the water holding capacity of red meat products: a review of recent research advances. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 48:137–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390601177647
Czyżak-Runowska, G., B. Grześ, E. Pospiech, J. Komisarek, M. Okulicz, D. Stanisławski, & M. Markiewicz-Kęszycka. 2017. Meat quality of Limousin young bulls slaughtered at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 29:792-798. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2017.v29.i10.1297
Fluharty, F. L. 2009. Interactions of management and diet on final meat characteristics of beef animals. Beef Information, The Ohio State University Extension. http://beef.osu.edu/library/mgtdiet.html. Akses 9 Desember 2015.
Frylinck, L., A. O’Neil, E. du Toit, P.E. Strydom, & E.C. We. 2015. The beef tenderness model. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 45: 234–248.
Gebrehiwot, M., E. Balcha, Y. H Hagos, & K. W/rkelul. 2018. Determination of pH and water holding capacity of beef from selected butcher shops of Mekelle, Ethiopia. J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health. 10: 159-164.
Gleghorn, J. F., N. A. Elam, M. L. Galyean†., G. C. Duff, N. A. Cole., & J. D. Rivera†. 2004. Effects of crude protein concentration and degradability on performance, carcass characteristics, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations in finishing beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. 82:2705–2717. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8292705x
Gredell, D.A., T.G. O’Quinn, J. F. Legako, J. C. Brooks, & M.F. Miller. 2018. Palatability and Biochemical Factors of Beef from Mature Cattle Finished on a Concentrate Diet Prior to Harvest. Meat and Muscle Biology. 2:111–126. https://doi.org/10.22175/mmb2017.09.0046
Guerrero, A., M. V. Valero, M. M Campo, & C. Sañudo. 2013. Some factors that affect ruminant meat quality: from the farm to the fork. Review. Maringá. 35: 333–347.
Hartadi, H., S. Reksohadiprodjo, S. Lebdosukojo, A.D. Tillman, L.C. Kearl, & L.E. Harris. 1980. Tables of feed composition for Indonesia. IFI., Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, UT., USA., pp:12.
Highfill, C.M., O. Esquivel-Font, M.E. Dikeman, & D.H. Kropf. 2012. Tenderness profiles of ten muscles from F1 Bos indicus x Bos taurus and Bos taurus cattle cooked as steaks and roasts. Meat Sci. 90: 881–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.022
Jama, N., V. Muchenje, M. Chimonyo, P. E. Strydom, K. Dzama, & J. G. Raats. 2008. Cooking loss components of beef from Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 3: 416-420.
Khasrad, Sarbaini, Arfa`I, & Rusdimansyah. 2017. Effect of cattle breeds on the meat quality of Longissimus dorsi muscles. Pak. J. Nutr. 16: 164-167. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.164.167
Kim, Y.S., A. Ong, N. Bobbili, M.W. DuPonte, & G.K. Fukumoto. 2007. Evaluation of meat tenderness of forage-finished cattle produced in Hawai‘i, and factors affecting the tenderness. Food Safety and Technology (FST)-27: 1–7.
Lawrie, R.A. 2003. Ilmu Daging. Penerjemah: Aminuddin Parakkasi. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Lee, K.-W., Y.-H. Hwang, & S.-T. Joo. 2017. Meat tenderness characteristics of ten major muscles from Hanwoo steers according to quality grades of carcasses. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 37:593–598. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.4.593
Li, L., Y. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. He, & B. Cao. 2014. Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus × Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-21
Moon, S.S. 2006. The effect of quality grade and muscle on collagen contents and tenderness of intramuscular connective tissue and myofibrillar protein for Hanwoo beef. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19: 1059–1064.
Oka, I.G.L., I.P. Suyadnya., S. Putra., I.M. Suarna., N. Suparta., I.K. Saka., N.K. Suwiti., I.M. Antara., I.N. Puja., I.W. Sukanata., A.A. Oka., & I.M. Mudita. 2012. Sapi Bali Sumber Daya Genetik Asli Indonesia. Udayana University Press. Pp. 268–277.
Orellana, C., F. Peña, A. García, J. Perea, J. Martos, V. Domenech, & R. Acero. 2009. Carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, and meat quality of Criollo Argentino and Braford steers raised on forage in a semi-tropical region of Argentina. Meat Sci. 81: 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.06.015
Osborne, B.G. 2006. Application of near infrared spectroscopy in quality screening of early-generation material in cereal breeding programmes. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 14: 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.595
Panjaitan, T., M. Fauzan, Dahlanuddin, M. Halliday, & H. M. Shelton. 2014. Growth of Bali bulls fattened with Leucaena leucocephala in Sumbawa, Eastern Indonesia. Tropical Grasslands – Forrajes Tropicales. 2:116−118.
Pearson, A.M. & T.R. Dutson. 1985. Advance in Meat Research. Vol. 1. Electrical Stimulation. Avi Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, Connecticut. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5939-5
Prado, I. N., M. M. Campo, E. Muela, M. V. Valero, O. Catalan, J. L. Olleta, & C. Sañudo. 2014. Effects of castration age, dietary protein level and lysine/methionine ratio on animal performance, carcass and meat quality of Friesian steers intensively reared. Animal 8: 1561–1568. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001591
Scaglia, G., PAS, J. P. Fontenot, PAS, W. S. Swecker Jr., B. A. Corl., S. K. Duckett, PAS, H. T. Boland, R. Smith, & A. O. Abaye. 2012. Performance, carcass, and meat characteristics of beef steers finished on 2 different forages or on a high-concentrate diet. The Professional Animal Scientist. 28:194–203. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30340-5
Shanks, B. C., D.M. Wolf, & R. J. Maddock. 2002. Technical note: The effect of freezing on warner bratzler shear force values of beef longissimuss steak across several postmortem aging periods. J. Anim. Sci 80: 2122–2125.
Soeparno. 2011. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Gizi Daging. Edisi Pertama. Gadjah University Press. Yogyakarta.
Špehar, M., D. Vincek, & S. Žgur. 2008. Beef Quality: Factors Affecting Tenderness and Marbling. Review paper. Stočarstvo. 62: 463-478.
Steel, R.G.D & J.H. Torrie. 1995. Prinsip Dan Prosedur Statistika. Penterjemah Bambang Sumantri. Gramedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Suryanto, E., Bulkaini, Ashari, & I.W. Karda. 2014. Carcass quality, marbling and cholesterol content of male bali cattle fed fermented cocoa shell. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 39:249-255. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.39.4.249-255
Tahuk, P. K. & A.A. Dethan. 2010. Performance of Bali bull in greenlot fattening by farmers when rainy season in Timor island. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 35:257-261. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.35.4.257-261
Tahuk, P.K., S.P.S Budhi, Panjono, N. Ngadiyono, R. Utomo, C. T. Noviandi, & E. Baliarti. 2017. Growth performance of male Bali cattle fattening fed ration with different protein levels in smallholder farms, West Timor, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 11: 65-73. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2017.65.73
Tahuk, P.K., S. P. S. Budhi, Panjono, & E. Baliarti. 2018a. Nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and blood metabolites in fattening of male Bali cattle fed ration with different protein levels in smallholder farms. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 43:43-53. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.43.1.43-53
Tahuk, P.K., E.Baliarti, S. P. S. Budhi, & Panjono. 2018b. The effect of season on the feed quantity and quality and growth performance of male Bali cattle fattened in smallholder farms. Buletin Peternakan 42: 203-209.
Tullio R.R., M. Jua, I.L. Larsen, J.A. Basarab, & J.L. Aalhus. 2014. Influence of some meat quality parameters on beef tenderness. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 455-458. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-157
Ueda, Y., 1 A. Watanabe, M. Higuchi, H. Shingu, S. Kushibiki, & M. Shinoda. 2007. Effects of intramuscular fat deposition on the beef traits of Japanese Black steers (Wagyu). Animal Science Journal. 78: 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00424.x
Yantika, S.M., Alamsyari, D. Evvyernie, D. Diapari, & K. Winaga. 2016. Performance, carcass production, and meat quality of Sumba Ongole bulls fed ration supplemented velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens). Med. Pet. 39:20-26. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2016.39.1.20
Authors
TahukP. K., BudhiS. P. S., PanjonoP., & BaliartiE. (2018). Carcass and Meat Characteristics of Male Bali Cattle in Indonesian Smallholder Farms Fed Ration with Different Protein Levels. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 41(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.3.215
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