Growth Performance and Ruminal Metabolic Variables of Goats Fed Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Pods
Abstract
The effect of rain tree pods (RTP) or acacia pods on the growth performance, rumen metabolites, and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in goats was evaluated through feeding trial and in situ methods. Eighteen 7 month-old Philippine native goats with body weight range of 7.86±1.28 kg were divided into three groups consisting of six replicates and randomly assigned to one of treatment diets containing 0%, 50%, and 100% RTP in the concentrate portion of a ration containing 65% roughage and 35% concentrate. Three rumen-cannulated mature goats were used in the in situ studies to determine the dietary effects on rumen fluid pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia, and rumen DM and CP digestibilities. Differences (P values < 0.05) were observed on daily gain, total feed intake, and feed efficiency with diets having >50% RTP generally resulted in lower above-stated performance parameters. Rumen fluid pH of goats decreased after feeding and was lowest in goats fed with 50% RTP. Concentrations of VFA and ammonia were not significantly different. Slowly degradable DM of the test diets were higher in concentrate mixture without RTP. Degradable fractions of CP had highest value on concentrate mixture without RTP while lowest on 100% RTP. However, no differences were observed on potentially digestible fractions and degradability constants of DM and CP. It could be concluded that RTPs can be an alternative ingredient in concentrate mixtures given up to 50% in the mixture as part of a daily ration for goats.
References
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AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington.
Attoh-Kotoku, V. 2011. Feeding two nerica rice straw varieties to sheep: effects of supplementation with leguminous foliages on digestibility, nutrient utilization and growth performance. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved on 29 December 2016 from http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/2090.
Barcelo, P.M., Ungria, J., & Fabro, A. 2003. The potential of acacia (Samanea saman) pods as feeds for goats. Research Journal - Agriculture Department Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU). http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2006/PH/PH0605.xml;PH2006M00021, 13 April 2011.
Berhan, T. & A. Getachew. 2009. Effects of different forms of Acacia saligna leaves inclusion on feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain in lambs fed grass hay basal diet. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol. 153: 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.05.010
Chantai, S., M. Wanapat, & C. Wachirapakorn. 1987. Rumen ammonia-N and volatile fatty acid concentrations in cattle and buffalo given rice straw based diets. Proceedings of the seventh annual workshop of the Australian-Asian fibrous agricultural residues research network. Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Cheema, U.B., J.I. Sultan, A. Javaid, P. Akhtar, & M. Shahid. 2011. Chemical composition, mineral profile and in situ digestion kinetics of fodder leaves of four native trees. Pak. J. Bot. 43: 397-404.
Chen, S., P. Paengkoum, X. Xia, & P. Na-Lumpang. 2010. Effects of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization and crude protein maintenance in growing Thai-indigenous beef cattle fed rice straw as roughage. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9: 2396- 2400. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2396.2400
Darlis, N., R.A. Abdullah, S. Halim, S. Jalaludin & Y.W. Ho. 2000. Rumen Paramters and Urea Kinetics in Goats and Sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 922-928. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.922
Darlis, N., R.A. Abdullah, S. Jalaludin & Y.W. Ho. 2000. Effects of protein and carbohydrate supplements on feed digestion in indigenous Malaysian goats and sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 464- 469. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.464
Delgado, D.C., R. Hera, J. Cairo & Y. Orta. 2014. Samanea saman, a multi-purpose tree with potentialities as alternatve feed for animals of productive interest. Cuban J. Agr. Sci. 48: 205- 212.
Djikstra, J., J.L. Ellis, E. Kebreab, A.B. Strathe, S. Lopez, J. France, & A. Bannink. 2012. Ruminal pH regulation and nutritional consequences of low pH. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172: 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.005
Flores, E.M. 2002. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. In: J.A. Vozzo (ed.) Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook 721. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Graphpad Software Inc. 1999. San Diego CA.
Hagan, M.A.S., D. Armstrong, & A. Dadson. 2016. Growth performance and economic evaluation of broiler Chicken fed with rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2: 1277445. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1277445
Holtshausen, L. & C.W. Cruywagen. 2000. The effect of age on in sacco estimates of rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability in veal calves. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 30: 212-219. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v30i3.3854
Hosamani, S.V., N.K.S. Gowda, & S.D. Kololgi. 2004. Evaluation of chemical, nutritive and feeding value of rain tree pods. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 18 :110-113.
Idowu, A.B., O.D. Babalola, & K.O Ademolu. 2006. The physiological impact on the consumption of Albizia saman pods by albino rats. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5: 585-589.
Isah, O.A. & O.J. Babyemi. 2010. Nutrient degradability and performance by the West African Dwarf goats fed rumen epithelium-based diets. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 12: 289-297.
Kriaa, S., A. Thewis, & M. Kamoun. 1999. Les tannins en nutrition animale, effet des tannins sur l’ingestion, la digestibilité et les performances des ruminants. Revue de l’I.N.A.T. Vol. 14 no 2 – Décember 1999. ISSN 0330 - 8065.
Krebs, G.L., D.M. Howard, & K. Dods. 2007. The effects of feeding Acacia saligna on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 1367-1373. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1367
Kumara-Mahipala, M.B.P., G.L. Krebs, P. McCafferty & L.H.P. Gunaratne. 2009. Chemical composition,biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the West Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.014
Marsetyo, D., S.P. Quigley, S.R. Mclennan & D.P. Poppi. 2012. Live weight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed a range of diets in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Anim. Prod. Sci. 52: 630- 635.
Mathis C.P., R.C. Cochran, J.S. Heldt, B.C. Woods, I.E. Abdelgadir, K.C. Olson, E.C.Titgemeyer & E.S. Vanzant. 2000. Effects of supplemental degradable intake protein on utilization of medium- to low-quality forages J. Anim. Sci. 78: 224-232. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.781224x
McDonald, I. 1981. A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 96:251-252.
McNabb, W.C., C.C. Waghorn, J.C. Peters & T.N. Barry. 1996. The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pendunculatus on the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.139; Rubisco) protein in the rumen and site of Rubisco digestion. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960061
Mokoboki, H.K., L.R. Ndlovu & M.M. Malatje. 2011.Intake and relative palatability indices of acacia species fed to sheep and goats. Agrofor. Syst. 81: 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9352-5
Ngwa, A.T., I.V. Nsahlai & M.L.K. Bonsi. 2001. The rumen digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and cell wall constituents of the pods of Leucaena leucocephala and some Acacia species. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 82: 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1008
Nsahlai, I.V., N.N. Umunna & P.O. Osuji. 1999. Influence of feeding sheep on oil seed cake following the consumption of tanniferous feeds. Livestock Prod. Sci. 60: 59-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00036-6
Nyamukanza, C.C., & P.F. Scogings. 2008. Sprout selection and performance of goats fed Acacia karroo coppices in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 38: 83-90.
Olivares, P.J., N.F. Aviles, P.B. Albarran, O.O.A. Castelan, & H.S. Rojas. 2013.Use of three fodder trees in the feeding of goats in the sub humid tropics in Mexico.Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45: 821–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0294-y
Orskov, E.R., F.D.D. Hovell, & F. Mould. 1980. The use of nylon bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Trop. Anim. Prod. 5: 195-213.
Ørskov, E. R. & I. Mcdonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric.Sci. 92:499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
Pamungkas, D., C.C. Sevilla, & U.M. Lustria. 2005. Changes in rumen ecosystem and feed dry matter degradability of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle through cross inoculation. JITV 11: 24-33.
Perez-Maldonado, R.A. & B.W. Norton. 1996. Digestion of 14C- labelled condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum in sheep and goats. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960059
Philipson, A.T. 1970. Ruminant Digestion. In: Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals (Ed. M.J. Swenson) Cornell University Press, Ithaca and Canada. pp 424-483.
Provenza, F.D., E.A. Burritt, A. Perevolotsky, & N. Silanikove. 2000. Self-regulation of intake of polyethylene glycol by sheep fed diets varying in tannin concentrations. Department of Rengeland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Israel.
Rath S. C., K. C. Nayak, K. N. Mohanta, C. Pradhan, P. V. Rangacharyulu, S. Sarkar, & S. S. Giri. 2014. Nutritional evaluation of rain tree (Samanea saman) pod and its incorporation in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) larvae as a non-conventional feed ingredient. Indian J. Fish., 61:105-111.
Rojas, H.S., N.F. Aviles, O.O. Castelan, M.A. Garcia, P.J. Olivares, & A.M.T. Valencia. 2012. Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of foliage Guazuma ulmifolia and Crescentia alata and its use in feeding lambs. Pak. J. Nutr. 11: 1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.1139.1145
Ruiz, D.R.Y., A. Moumen, A.I. Martin Garcia, & E. Molina Alcaide. 2004. Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: effect of PEG supply. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. 82:2023-2032. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8272023x
SAS® University Edition. 2016. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Sevilla, C.C., & S.W. Purbojo. 2005. Addition of mimosa tannin protected the protein in gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) from rumen microbial degradation. Philippine J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31:29-36.
Staples, W. G. & R.C. Elevitch, R. C. 2006. Samanea saman (rain tree), ver 2.1. In R. C., Elevitch (Ed.), Species profile for Pacific Island agroforestry (pp. 2–7). Holualoa, HI: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
Van Soest, P.J. & J. B. Robertson. 1985. Methods of analysis of dietary neural detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3585-3597.
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington.
Attoh-Kotoku, V. 2011. Feeding two nerica rice straw varieties to sheep: effects of supplementation with leguminous foliages on digestibility, nutrient utilization and growth performance. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved on 29 December 2016 from http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/2090.
Barcelo, P.M., Ungria, J., & Fabro, A. 2003. The potential of acacia (Samanea saman) pods as feeds for goats. Research Journal - Agriculture Department Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU). http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2006/PH/PH0605.xml;PH2006M00021, 13 April 2011.
Berhan, T. & A. Getachew. 2009. Effects of different forms of Acacia saligna leaves inclusion on feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain in lambs fed grass hay basal diet. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol. 153: 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.05.010
Chantai, S., M. Wanapat, & C. Wachirapakorn. 1987. Rumen ammonia-N and volatile fatty acid concentrations in cattle and buffalo given rice straw based diets. Proceedings of the seventh annual workshop of the Australian-Asian fibrous agricultural residues research network. Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Cheema, U.B., J.I. Sultan, A. Javaid, P. Akhtar, & M. Shahid. 2011. Chemical composition, mineral profile and in situ digestion kinetics of fodder leaves of four native trees. Pak. J. Bot. 43: 397-404.
Chen, S., P. Paengkoum, X. Xia, & P. Na-Lumpang. 2010. Effects of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization and crude protein maintenance in growing Thai-indigenous beef cattle fed rice straw as roughage. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9: 2396- 2400. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2396.2400
Darlis, N., R.A. Abdullah, S. Halim, S. Jalaludin & Y.W. Ho. 2000. Rumen Paramters and Urea Kinetics in Goats and Sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 922-928. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.922
Darlis, N., R.A. Abdullah, S. Jalaludin & Y.W. Ho. 2000. Effects of protein and carbohydrate supplements on feed digestion in indigenous Malaysian goats and sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 464- 469. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.464
Delgado, D.C., R. Hera, J. Cairo & Y. Orta. 2014. Samanea saman, a multi-purpose tree with potentialities as alternatve feed for animals of productive interest. Cuban J. Agr. Sci. 48: 205- 212.
Djikstra, J., J.L. Ellis, E. Kebreab, A.B. Strathe, S. Lopez, J. France, & A. Bannink. 2012. Ruminal pH regulation and nutritional consequences of low pH. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172: 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.005
Flores, E.M. 2002. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. In: J.A. Vozzo (ed.) Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook 721. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Graphpad Software Inc. 1999. San Diego CA.
Hagan, M.A.S., D. Armstrong, & A. Dadson. 2016. Growth performance and economic evaluation of broiler Chicken fed with rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2: 1277445. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1277445
Holtshausen, L. & C.W. Cruywagen. 2000. The effect of age on in sacco estimates of rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability in veal calves. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 30: 212-219. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v30i3.3854
Hosamani, S.V., N.K.S. Gowda, & S.D. Kololgi. 2004. Evaluation of chemical, nutritive and feeding value of rain tree pods. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 18 :110-113.
Idowu, A.B., O.D. Babalola, & K.O Ademolu. 2006. The physiological impact on the consumption of Albizia saman pods by albino rats. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5: 585-589.
Isah, O.A. & O.J. Babyemi. 2010. Nutrient degradability and performance by the West African Dwarf goats fed rumen epithelium-based diets. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 12: 289-297.
Kriaa, S., A. Thewis, & M. Kamoun. 1999. Les tannins en nutrition animale, effet des tannins sur l’ingestion, la digestibilité et les performances des ruminants. Revue de l’I.N.A.T. Vol. 14 no 2 – Décember 1999. ISSN 0330 - 8065.
Krebs, G.L., D.M. Howard, & K. Dods. 2007. The effects of feeding Acacia saligna on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 1367-1373. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1367
Kumara-Mahipala, M.B.P., G.L. Krebs, P. McCafferty & L.H.P. Gunaratne. 2009. Chemical composition,biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the West Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153: 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.06.014
Marsetyo, D., S.P. Quigley, S.R. Mclennan & D.P. Poppi. 2012. Live weight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed a range of diets in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Anim. Prod. Sci. 52: 630- 635.
Mathis C.P., R.C. Cochran, J.S. Heldt, B.C. Woods, I.E. Abdelgadir, K.C. Olson, E.C.Titgemeyer & E.S. Vanzant. 2000. Effects of supplemental degradable intake protein on utilization of medium- to low-quality forages J. Anim. Sci. 78: 224-232. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.781224x
McDonald, I. 1981. A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 96:251-252.
McNabb, W.C., C.C. Waghorn, J.C. Peters & T.N. Barry. 1996. The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pendunculatus on the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.139; Rubisco) protein in the rumen and site of Rubisco digestion. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 535-549. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960061
Mokoboki, H.K., L.R. Ndlovu & M.M. Malatje. 2011.Intake and relative palatability indices of acacia species fed to sheep and goats. Agrofor. Syst. 81: 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9352-5
Ngwa, A.T., I.V. Nsahlai & M.L.K. Bonsi. 2001. The rumen digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and cell wall constituents of the pods of Leucaena leucocephala and some Acacia species. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 82: 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1008
Nsahlai, I.V., N.N. Umunna & P.O. Osuji. 1999. Influence of feeding sheep on oil seed cake following the consumption of tanniferous feeds. Livestock Prod. Sci. 60: 59-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00036-6
Nyamukanza, C.C., & P.F. Scogings. 2008. Sprout selection and performance of goats fed Acacia karroo coppices in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 38: 83-90.
Olivares, P.J., N.F. Aviles, P.B. Albarran, O.O.A. Castelan, & H.S. Rojas. 2013.Use of three fodder trees in the feeding of goats in the sub humid tropics in Mexico.Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45: 821–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0294-y
Orskov, E.R., F.D.D. Hovell, & F. Mould. 1980. The use of nylon bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Trop. Anim. Prod. 5: 195-213.
Ørskov, E. R. & I. Mcdonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric.Sci. 92:499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
Pamungkas, D., C.C. Sevilla, & U.M. Lustria. 2005. Changes in rumen ecosystem and feed dry matter degradability of buffalo which received rumen content of cattle through cross inoculation. JITV 11: 24-33.
Perez-Maldonado, R.A. & B.W. Norton. 1996. Digestion of 14C- labelled condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum in sheep and goats. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19960059
Philipson, A.T. 1970. Ruminant Digestion. In: Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals (Ed. M.J. Swenson) Cornell University Press, Ithaca and Canada. pp 424-483.
Provenza, F.D., E.A. Burritt, A. Perevolotsky, & N. Silanikove. 2000. Self-regulation of intake of polyethylene glycol by sheep fed diets varying in tannin concentrations. Department of Rengeland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Israel.
Rath S. C., K. C. Nayak, K. N. Mohanta, C. Pradhan, P. V. Rangacharyulu, S. Sarkar, & S. S. Giri. 2014. Nutritional evaluation of rain tree (Samanea saman) pod and its incorporation in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) larvae as a non-conventional feed ingredient. Indian J. Fish., 61:105-111.
Rojas, H.S., N.F. Aviles, O.O. Castelan, M.A. Garcia, P.J. Olivares, & A.M.T. Valencia. 2012. Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of foliage Guazuma ulmifolia and Crescentia alata and its use in feeding lambs. Pak. J. Nutr. 11: 1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.1139.1145
Ruiz, D.R.Y., A. Moumen, A.I. Martin Garcia, & E. Molina Alcaide. 2004. Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: effect of PEG supply. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. 82:2023-2032. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8272023x
SAS® University Edition. 2016. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Sevilla, C.C., & S.W. Purbojo. 2005. Addition of mimosa tannin protected the protein in gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) from rumen microbial degradation. Philippine J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31:29-36.
Staples, W. G. & R.C. Elevitch, R. C. 2006. Samanea saman (rain tree), ver 2.1. In R. C., Elevitch (Ed.), Species profile for Pacific Island agroforestry (pp. 2–7). Holualoa, HI: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).
Van Soest, P.J. & J. B. Robertson. 1985. Methods of analysis of dietary neural detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3585-3597.
Authors
MoraisM. J., SevillaC. C., DizonJ. T., ManulatG. L., AbesE. E. C., & AngelesA. A. (2018). Growth Performance and Ruminal Metabolic Variables of Goats Fed Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Pods. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 41(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.22
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