Production Potentials of Quality Tree Seeds from Orchards and Plantations in Tanzania
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 31 No. 1 (2025)
Accepted
21 January 2025
Published
27 January 2025
Keywords:
-
Tectona grandis, Pinus patula, tree seed sources, seed quality
Abstract
Availability of large quantities and high-quality planting materials is essential for sustainability of tree planting and quality forest products. However, there have been no sufficient information on production potential of quality and quantity of tree seeds. We assessed and compared seed production potential and germination capacity of four young (8 -14 years) and matured (15 -48 years) stands of plantations and seed orchards of Tectona grandis and Pinus patula located in different agro-climatic areas of Tanzania. In each seed source, 16 plots, measuring 100 x 100 m, were randomly selected. In each plot, seeds were collected from 30 trees bearing seeds and possessing good characters. Results showed that matured stands of T. grandis and P. patula produced significantly heavier seeds (51.4 kg ha-1) (926.1kg ha-1) than young stands (28.3kg ha-1) (782.6kg ha-1) respectively. The weight of seeds in orchards was significantly lighter (17.2kg/ha) than plantations (62.5kg/ ha) for P. patula whereas for T. grandis, the weight of seeds in orchards was heavier (911.8kg/ha.) than plantations (796.9kg/ha). Seeds from matured sources were significantly heavier than young seed sources (P<0.05). The weight of T. grandis and P. patula seeds were higher in seed orchards than plantations and plantation than seed orchards respectively.
References
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Chamshama, O. and Nshubemuki, L. (2011). Plantation Forest Management in Tanzania:Current Situation and Future Focus. Paper Presented at the Forest Plantations Pests,Insectsand SoilProblems Workshop, Kibaha, Tanzania.
Dedefo K, Derero A, Tesfaye Y and Muriuki J. 2017. Tree nursery and seed procurement characteristics influence on seedling quality in Oromia, Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 26:96–110.https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1221365.
Dhakal,P., Lillesø,J-P., Kjær,E., Jha,K. And Aryal,H.(2015).Seed Sources of Agroforestry Trees in a Farmland Context - A Guide to Tree Seed Source EstablishmentinNepal.Forest&LandscapeDevelopmentandEnvironment.DepartmentoForest&Landscape,University of Copenhagen. Hørsholm, Denmark.36pp.
Egenti, L. C. (1981). Aspect of pollination ecology of teak, Tectona grandis Linn. f., in Nigeria: Pollinators and fruit production. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Flowering Physiology, XVII IUFRO Congress, Kyoto, Japan, pp.27-30.
Fredrick, C. Muthuri, C., Ngamau, K. and Sinclair, F. (2016). Provenance and pretreatment effect on seed germination of six provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. Agroforestry Systems 91: 1007 – 1017.
Graudal, L., Aravanopoulos, F., Bennadji, z., Changtragoon, S., Fady, B., Kjær, E., Loo, J., Ramamonjisoa, L .& Vendramin, G. (2014). Global to Local Genetic Diversity Indicators of Evolutionary Potential in Tree Species Within and Outside Forests. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management.333, (10), Pp. 35-51
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Hagedorn, S.F. (2001). Pinus patula improvement at the Institute for commercial forestry research: Final Report. ICFR Bulletin series 04/2001.
Indira, E.P. and Mohandus, K.2001. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting pollination and fruit productivity in Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f ). Indian Journal of Genetics 62 (3): 208 – 214.
Kaosa-ard, A. (1996). Domestication and Breeding of Teak, (Tectona grandis Linn.f.). FAO, Philippines.
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KEFRI. (2009).Tree seed information leanel. Pinus patula. Leaflet No. 25.
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Kindt R., Lillesø J.P.B., Mbora A., Muriuki J., Wambugu C., Frost W., Beniest J., Aithal A., Awimbo J., Rao S., Holding-Anyonge C. 2006. Tree Seeds for Farmers: a Toolkit and Reference Source. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.
Kjaer, E. D. and Suangtho, V. (1995). Out crossing rate of teak (Tectona grandis Linn).SilvaeGenetica, 44: 175-177.
Krishnamoorthy, M. (2014). Studies on Variations on Growth, Phenology, Seed, Seedling and Wood Characteristics of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) in Different Environmental Conditions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Ph.D. thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India, pp 197.
Lengkeek, A.G. (2005). Diversity Makes a Difference: Farmers Managing Inter- and Intra-Specific Tree Species Diversity in Meru Kenya. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Likoswe, M., Njoloma, J., and Chilima, C (2008). Effect of seed collection times and pretreatment methods on germination of Terminalia sericea Burch. Agricultural and Food Sciences. African Journal of Biotechnolog DOI:10.4314/AJB.V7I16.59176.
Lillesø, J.P.B., Graudal, L., Moestrup., S, Kjær, E.D., Kindt, R., Mbora, A., Dawson, I., Muriuki, J., Ræbild, A. and Jamnadass, R. (2011). Innovation in input supply systems in smallholder agroforestry: Seed sources, supply chains and support systems. Agroforestry Systems 83:347– 359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9412-5.
Loewe-Muñoz V, Balzarini M, Del Río R, Delard C (2019). Effects of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantation spacing on initial growth and conelet entry into production. New Forests 50(3):489-503.
Louppe, D., Oteng – Amoake, A. A., Brink, M., Lemmens, R.H., Oyen,M.J. and Cobbinah, J.R. (2008). Plant Resource of Tropical Africa 7(1): timbers 1.) Plant Resource of Tropical Africa: No.7 (1)). PROTA Foundation (etc). https: edepot.wur.nl/565656.
Lyngdoh, N., Kumar Mukul, Kumar Naresh, and Pandey A. K. 2014. Effect of Age of Plantation on Seed Characters and Growth Performance of Tokopatta (Livistona Jinkensiana Griff.) Seedling. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1 (6): 672–676.
Madoffe, S.S. and Magembe, J.A. (1988). Performance of teak (TectonagrandisL.f.) grandis provenances seventeen years after planting at Longuza, Tanzania.SilvaeGenetica 37(5-6): 175-178.
Mao, P., Guangmei, W., Junbao, Y., Hongbo, S. and Guangxuan, H. (2014). Effects of Age and Stand Density of Mother Trees on Early Pinus Thunbergii Seedling Establishment in the Coastal, China. The Scientific World Journal 2014: 1–9.
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Mbora A. J.P, and Mnadass R. (2009). Tree Seed Source Re-classification Manual.World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.34 pp.
Mbora, A. and Lillesø, J.P. (2007). Sources of tree seed and vegetative propagation oftrees around Mt. Kenya. Development and Environment. Working paper No. 9-2007.DepartmentofForest& Landscape.University ofCopenhagen, Denmark.
Meekaew, P. (1992). Genetic variation in growth, seed production and foliar nutrients of teak. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, Kasesart University, Bangkok, Thailand,73p.
Moreno-Fernández,D.,Cañellas,I.,Calama,R.,Gordo,J.andSánchez- González,M.(2013). Thinning increases cone production of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) standsin the Northern Plateau(Spain). Annalsof Forest Science 70(8):761-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013- 0319-3.
Msanga, H. P. (1998). Seed Germination of Indigenous Trees of Tanzania. Canadian Forest Service. 291 pp.
Mtika J., 1996. Teak (Tectona gran- dis) clonal seed orchard in Kiroka, Morogoro district. Field Establish- ment Report 18, National Tree Seed Programme of Tanzania, 7 p.
Mulawarman, R. J. M., Sasongko, S. M. and Iriantono, D. (2003). Tree Seed Management Seed Sources, Seed Collection and Seed Handling: A Field Manual for Field Workers and Farmers. Indonesia: Bogor, 54.
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Nguyen, T.T., Tai, D.T., Zhang, P., Razaq, M. and Shen, H.L. (2019). Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation. Journal of ForestryResearch30(3):835-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0690-x.
Nicodemus, A. (2007). Evaluation of reproductive success in seed or- chards of teak in India. Project Completion Report, Institute of Forest Genetics and tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India, pp 44. Nyoka BI, Mng’omba SA, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Sileshi G, Jamnadass R(2011b)Agroforestry treeseedproductionandsupplysystemsinMalawi.Smallscalefor10(4):419–434.
Norma, B.M., Carlos, R.H., Javier, Valentin, L.U., Reyes, H.and Pedro, A.L. (2018). Reproductive characteristics variations in Pinus patula trees at a sexual seed orchard. AgroSciences Vol.52 no.2 Texcoco Feb/Mar.2018.
Nyoka, B., Roshetko J., Jamnadass, R., Muriuki, J., Kalinganire, A., Lillesø J-P, Beedy, T., Cornelius, J. (2015). Tree seed and seedling supply systems: a review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America models. Small Scale For 14(2):171–191 Nyoka B, Roshetko J, Jamnadass R, Muriuki J, Kalinganire A, Lillesø J-P, Beedy T, Cornelius J (2015) Tree seed and seedling supply systems: a review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America models. Small Scale For 14(2):171–191.
Nyoka, BI., Mng’omba, SA, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Sileshi G, Jamnadass R (2010) Agroforestry tree seed production and supply systems in Malawi. Small scale For 10(4):419–434.
Owens, J.N. (1995). Constraints to seed production: Temperate and tropical forest trees. Tree Physiology. 15(7-8):477-484.
Palanisam, K. (2014). Cultivation technique for teak. In: Transfer of tree cultivation technologies to krishi vigyan kendras of tamil nadu and puducherry. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), Coimbatore, India, pp 1-5.
Palanisamy, K., Gireesan, K., Nagarajan, V., Hegde, M. (2005). Growth performance and timber quality of canal Teak plantations in Tamil Nadu. My For 41: 567-572. Palanisamy K, Gireesan K, Nagarajan V, Hegde M. 2009. Selection and clonal multiplication of superior trees of Teak (Tectona grandis) and preliminary evaluation of clones. J Trop For Sci 21: 168-174.
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CAMCORE. (2010). Progress in pine hybrid testing. In CAMCORE Annual Report2010. Raleigh: Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University.
Chable, A.C. (1969). Reforestation in the Republic of Honduras, Central America. Ceiba 13(2):1B56.
Chamshama, O. and Nshubemuki, L. (2011). Plantation Forest Management in Tanzania:Current Situation and Future Focus. Paper Presented at the Forest Plantations Pests,Insectsand SoilProblems Workshop, Kibaha, Tanzania.
Dedefo K, Derero A, Tesfaye Y and Muriuki J. 2017. Tree nursery and seed procurement characteristics influence on seedling quality in Oromia, Ethiopia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 26:96–110.https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1221365.
Dhakal,P., Lillesø,J-P., Kjær,E., Jha,K. And Aryal,H.(2015).Seed Sources of Agroforestry Trees in a Farmland Context - A Guide to Tree Seed Source EstablishmentinNepal.Forest&LandscapeDevelopmentandEnvironment.DepartmentoForest&Landscape,University of Copenhagen. Hørsholm, Denmark.36pp.
Egenti, L. C. (1981). Aspect of pollination ecology of teak, Tectona grandis Linn. f., in Nigeria: Pollinators and fruit production. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Flowering Physiology, XVII IUFRO Congress, Kyoto, Japan, pp.27-30.
Fredrick, C. Muthuri, C., Ngamau, K. and Sinclair, F. (2016). Provenance and pretreatment effect on seed germination of six provenances of Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. Agroforestry Systems 91: 1007 – 1017.
Graudal, L., Aravanopoulos, F., Bennadji, z., Changtragoon, S., Fady, B., Kjær, E., Loo, J., Ramamonjisoa, L .& Vendramin, G. (2014). Global to Local Genetic Diversity Indicators of Evolutionary Potential in Tree Species Within and Outside Forests. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management.333, (10), Pp. 35-51
Gutterman, Y. (2000). Maternal effects on seeds during development. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 59-84.
Hagedorn, S.F and Raubenheimer, G.L. (1996). Flowering and pollination studies of Pinus patula: first results ICFR Bulletin 4/96.
Hagedorn, S.F. (2001). Pinus patula improvement at the Institute for commercial forestry research: Final Report. ICFR Bulletin series 04/2001.
Indira, E.P. and Mohandus, K.2001. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting pollination and fruit productivity in Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f ). Indian Journal of Genetics 62 (3): 208 – 214.
Kaosa-ard, A. (1996). Domestication and Breeding of Teak, (Tectona grandis Linn.f.). FAO, Philippines.
Kaosa-ard, A. 1986. Teak in ASEAN: A Survey Report, Asean Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, 60 pp.
Kaosa-ard, A., 1993. Teak international provenance trials I. Growth and stem quality. In Proceedings: 50th Year of Huay Tak Teak Plantaion: Teak Seminar, pp. 113-129.
Katwal, R. P. S., Srivastva, P. K., Kumar, S. and Jeeva, V. (2003). State of forest genetic resources conservation andmanagement in India. In: Forest genetic resources working papers, FGR/65E.forest resources development service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome,pp36.
Kaviriri DK, Liu X, Fan Z, Wang J, Wang Q, Wang L, Khasa D, Zhao X (2020). Genetic variation in growth and cone traits of Pinus koraiensis half-sib families in Northeast China. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 89(1):57-69.
KEFRI. (2009).Tree seed information leanel. Pinus patula. Leaflet No. 25.
Keiding, H., Wellendorf, H., and Lauridsen, E. B., 1986. Evaluation of an International series of teak provenance trials. DANIDA Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark, 81 p.
Keogh, R. M. 1987. The Care and Management of Teak (Tectonia grandis Lf) Plantations. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Kettle, C. J., Ennos, R. A., Jaffre, T., Gardner, M., and Hollingsworth, P. M. (2008). Cryptic genetic bottlenecks during restoration of an endangered tropical conifer. Biol. Conserv. 141, 1953–1961. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.008.
Kindt R., Lillesø J.P.B., Mbora A., Muriuki J., Wambugu C., Frost W., Beniest J., Aithal A., Awimbo J., Rao S., Holding-Anyonge C. 2006. Tree Seeds for Farmers: a Toolkit and Reference Source. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.
Kjaer, E. D. and Suangtho, V. (1995). Out crossing rate of teak (Tectona grandis Linn).SilvaeGenetica, 44: 175-177.
Krishnamoorthy, M. (2014). Studies on Variations on Growth, Phenology, Seed, Seedling and Wood Characteristics of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) in Different Environmental Conditions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Ph.D. thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India, pp 197.
Lengkeek, A.G. (2005). Diversity Makes a Difference: Farmers Managing Inter- and Intra-Specific Tree Species Diversity in Meru Kenya. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Likoswe, M., Njoloma, J., and Chilima, C (2008). Effect of seed collection times and pretreatment methods on germination of Terminalia sericea Burch. Agricultural and Food Sciences. African Journal of Biotechnolog DOI:10.4314/AJB.V7I16.59176.
Lillesø, J.P.B., Graudal, L., Moestrup., S, Kjær, E.D., Kindt, R., Mbora, A., Dawson, I., Muriuki, J., Ræbild, A. and Jamnadass, R. (2011). Innovation in input supply systems in smallholder agroforestry: Seed sources, supply chains and support systems. Agroforestry Systems 83:347– 359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9412-5.
Loewe-Muñoz V, Balzarini M, Del Río R, Delard C (2019). Effects of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantation spacing on initial growth and conelet entry into production. New Forests 50(3):489-503.
Louppe, D., Oteng – Amoake, A. A., Brink, M., Lemmens, R.H., Oyen,M.J. and Cobbinah, J.R. (2008). Plant Resource of Tropical Africa 7(1): timbers 1.) Plant Resource of Tropical Africa: No.7 (1)). PROTA Foundation (etc). https: edepot.wur.nl/565656.
Lyngdoh, N., Kumar Mukul, Kumar Naresh, and Pandey A. K. 2014. Effect of Age of Plantation on Seed Characters and Growth Performance of Tokopatta (Livistona Jinkensiana Griff.) Seedling. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1 (6): 672–676.
Madoffe, S.S. and Magembe, J.A. (1988). Performance of teak (TectonagrandisL.f.) grandis provenances seventeen years after planting at Longuza, Tanzania.SilvaeGenetica 37(5-6): 175-178.
Mao, P., Guangmei, W., Junbao, Y., Hongbo, S. and Guangxuan, H. (2014). Effects of Age and Stand Density of Mother Trees on Early Pinus Thunbergii Seedling Establishment in the Coastal, China. The Scientific World Journal 2014: 1–9.
Mayer, A. M., and Poljakoff-Mayber A. 1989. The Germination of Seeds. 4th edition. England: Pergamon Press plc, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW.
Mbora A. J.P, and Mnadass R. (2009). Tree Seed Source Re-classification Manual.World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.34 pp.
Mbora, A. and Lillesø, J.P. (2007). Sources of tree seed and vegetative propagation oftrees around Mt. Kenya. Development and Environment. Working paper No. 9-2007.DepartmentofForest& Landscape.University ofCopenhagen, Denmark.
Meekaew, P. (1992). Genetic variation in growth, seed production and foliar nutrients of teak. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, Kasesart University, Bangkok, Thailand,73p.
Moreno-Fernández,D.,Cañellas,I.,Calama,R.,Gordo,J.andSánchez- González,M.(2013). Thinning increases cone production of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) standsin the Northern Plateau(Spain). Annalsof Forest Science 70(8):761-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013- 0319-3.
Msanga, H. P. (1998). Seed Germination of Indigenous Trees of Tanzania. Canadian Forest Service. 291 pp.
Mtika J., 1996. Teak (Tectona gran- dis) clonal seed orchard in Kiroka, Morogoro district. Field Establish- ment Report 18, National Tree Seed Programme of Tanzania, 7 p.
Mulawarman, R. J. M., Sasongko, S. M. and Iriantono, D. (2003). Tree Seed Management Seed Sources, Seed Collection and Seed Handling: A Field Manual for Field Workers and Farmers. Indonesia: Bogor, 54.
Muller, M., Siles L., Cela J., and Munn´e-Bosch S. 2014. Perennially Young: Seed Production and Quality in Controlled and Natural Populations of Cistus Albidus Reveal Compensatory Mechanisms That Prevent Senescence in Terms of Seed Yield and Viability. Journal of Experimental Botany 65: 287–297.
Nair, K.S.S., Jayaraman, K. and Chacko, K.C. 1996. Productivity of teak and Eucalyptus Plantations in Kerala. Final report of the Research project No. 250/96. Kerala Forest Research Institute, pp.1-68.
Ngaga, M. Y. (2011). Forest plantation and woodlots in Tanzania.A platform for stakeholders in Africa forestry. African Forest Forum Working Paper Series Volume I issue No. 16 80pp. [http://www.sifi.se/wp-content/uploads /2012/ 02/Forest-plantations-and-woodlots-in-Tanzania.pdf] site visited on 12/03/20 15.
Nguyen, T.T., Tai, D.T., Zhang, P., Razaq, M. and Shen, H.L. (2019). Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation. Journal of ForestryResearch30(3):835-845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0690-x.
Nicodemus, A. (2007). Evaluation of reproductive success in seed or- chards of teak in India. Project Completion Report, Institute of Forest Genetics and tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India, pp 44. Nyoka BI, Mng’omba SA, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Sileshi G, Jamnadass R(2011b)Agroforestry treeseedproductionandsupplysystemsinMalawi.Smallscalefor10(4):419–434.
Norma, B.M., Carlos, R.H., Javier, Valentin, L.U., Reyes, H.and Pedro, A.L. (2018). Reproductive characteristics variations in Pinus patula trees at a sexual seed orchard. AgroSciences Vol.52 no.2 Texcoco Feb/Mar.2018.
Nyoka, B., Roshetko J., Jamnadass, R., Muriuki, J., Kalinganire, A., Lillesø J-P, Beedy, T., Cornelius, J. (2015). Tree seed and seedling supply systems: a review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America models. Small Scale For 14(2):171–191 Nyoka B, Roshetko J, Jamnadass R, Muriuki J, Kalinganire A, Lillesø J-P, Beedy T, Cornelius J (2015) Tree seed and seedling supply systems: a review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America models. Small Scale For 14(2):171–191.
Nyoka, BI., Mng’omba, SA, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Sileshi G, Jamnadass R (2010) Agroforestry tree seed production and supply systems in Malawi. Small scale For 10(4):419–434.
Owens, J.N. (1995). Constraints to seed production: Temperate and tropical forest trees. Tree Physiology. 15(7-8):477-484.
Palanisam, K. (2014). Cultivation technique for teak. In: Transfer of tree cultivation technologies to krishi vigyan kendras of tamil nadu and puducherry. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), Coimbatore, India, pp 1-5.
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Authors
SenyaF. S., KilaweC. J., NyamogaG. Z., & NgagaY. M. (2025). Production Potentials of Quality Tree Seeds from Orchards and Plantations in Tanzania. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 31(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.31.1.89
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