Are the Physical and Social Capitals Still Productive Resources for Coffee Agroforestry Development?: The Evidence of Endogenous Growth Role in Leveraging the Sluggish Production Factors at Batutegi Forest Management Unit
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 30 No. 2 (2024)
Accepted
30 July 2024
Published
7 August 2024
Keywords:
-
exit from protected forest voluntarily, knowledge capital, level off of land productivity, PLS-SEM
Abstract
Increasing income (INC) is a key variable for the encroacher's self-empowerment in order to able to leave protected forest areas voluntarily when their concessionary period will be due. This urgency is facing by almost Social Forestry Programs across the country such as for Batutegi Lampung Province, whose empowerment period only has 20 years left so that they don't become encroachers again. While physical capital (PC), especially forest land, has seemed leveling off for increasing INC, so the stimulating social capital (SC) is a must. In this context, the role of extension activities (ROLE) in amplifying PC and SC productivity in leveraging INC needs to be elucidated. The objectives of this research are to: (1) reveal the strengths of the direct effect of ROLE on INC, (2)compare the effectiveness of ROLE in leveraging SC to PC in order to increase INC, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of ROLE in stimulating FC and SC in order to leverage INC. The SEM (structural equation modeling) postulates employed at a confidence level of 95%, where PC and SC are treated as exogenous variables, ROLE as intervening variables, and INC as endogenous variables. The land tenure both inside and outside the forest area is used as an indicator for the PC. Elements of norms, trust, and network as indicators for SC. The three indicators for ROLE employed are the benefit of extension activities about forest protection, agroforestry technique, and post-harvest skill. Two indicators for INC are from coffee beans and other non-timber forest products (NTFP). Data collection was carried out in between April to June 2020 through semi-structured interviews with 98 forest encroachers who were drawn using stratified random sampling. Conclusion: (1) FC and SC not directly productive, did not significantly increase INC (P=0.740 and 0.123 respectively), and in contrast to ROLE were highly productive (P=0.000), (2) PC was also not significantly stimulated to ROLE (P=0.112) but SC was significant (P=0.000) and [3] for PC the ROLE activities were blunt or not significant in amplifying INC (P=0.188) but very powerful or significant for SC (P=0.000). The implication: to ensure that encroachers or HKm land concession holders are able to leave protected forest areas voluntarily when their concession rights expire, the FMU authority must increase the knowledge and skills of HKm concession holders through strengthening extension performance (ROLE) as a necessary condition for increasing income, not continuing to increase the land allotment.
References
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Bakri, S. (2023). Kelembagaan lingkungan. Tangerang Selatan: Open University Press.
Bakri, S., Darusman, D., Juwanda, B., & Bahruni. (2014). Pengembangan wilayah di bawah kendala sumberdaya. Jurnal Sosio Ekonomika, 18 (2), 161–170.
Bakri, S., Wulandari, C., Kurniasari, N., Safe'i, R., Ramdani, D., Anshory. (2023a). Effects of characteristics and perceptions of collectors of non-timber forest products to be members of the partnership program: A case study at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 9(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/107226/jtfm.29.2.109
Bakri, S., Sitorus, V., Kurniawan, B., Kuniawaty, E., Dewi, B. S., & Kaskoyo, H. (2023b). How much is the cost to reduce the incidence rate of infectious diseases through reforestation? (Case study on pulmonary tuberculosis under global warming scenario). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(2), 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/157212
Bakri, S., Qurniaty, Safe’i, R., & Hilmanto, R. (2021a). Social capital in its relation to the income of agroforestry community: Studi at Karang Rejo Village, Jati Agung District of South Lampung Regency. Journal Hutan Tropis, 9(1), 191–203.
Bakri, S., Karomani, K., & Ashaf, A. F. (2021b). The role of extension participation on risk-taking behavior of local elites and the coffee agroforestry farmer's income: A case study at social forest community on Batutegi Forest Management Unit, Lampung Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 739, 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012006
Bakri, S., Setiawan, A., & Nurhaida, I. (2018). Coffee bean physical quality: The effect of climate change adaptation behavior of shifting up cultivation area to a higher elevation. Biodiversitas, 19(2), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190208
Claridge, T. (2019). Current definition of social capital. Academic Definition in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.socialcapital.research.com/current-definition-of-social-capital/
Cervellati, M., Meyerheim, G., & Sunde, U. (2023). The empirics of economic growth over time and across nations: A unified growth perspective. Journal of Economic Growth, 28, 173–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-022-09216-2
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(12), 95–120.
Dai, J., Darul, S. W. P., Hidayat, A., Sumulyadi, H. Y., Hendra, S., Yayat, A. H., Herman, A., Hermawsan, A., Burman, P., & Balsem, T. (1989). Expalnatory booklet of the land unit and soil map of Kotaagung Sheet, Sumatera. Bogor: Centre for Soil Research, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Department of Agriculture.
Dewantoro, A. D., & Ellitan, L. (2022). The role of social capital and knowledge creation in improving organizational performance. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 5(4), 53–58.
Global Forest Watch. (2023). Tree cover 20012022. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map.
Hair, J. F., Tomas, G. M. H., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R.: Workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Han, S., Graceoh, E., & Kang, P. (2022). Social capital leveraging knowledge-sharing ties and learning performance in higher education: Evidence from social network analysis in an engineering classroom. AERA, American Education Research Association, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221086665
Harjanti, D. & Halim, A. D. (2022). The role of social capital in building knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior in holding company. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 2(4), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.34208/jba.v24i2.1577
Kaskoyo, H., Mohammed, A. J., & Inoue, M. (2014). Present state of community forestry (Hutan kemasyarakatan/HKm) program in a protection forest and its challenges: Case study in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 30(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.7747/JFS.2014.30.1.15
Kaskoyo, H., Mohammed, A., & Inoue, M. (2017). Impact of community forest program in protection forest on livelihood outcomes: A case study of Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 36(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1296774
Lechthaler, W., & Tesfaselassie, M. (2022). Endogenous growth, skill obsolescence and output hysteresis in a new Keynesian model with unemployment. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 55(8), 2187–2213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12979
Leunufna, H. M, Wattimena, C. M. A., & Sahureka, M. (2023). Pola tanam agroforestry Dusung di Negeri Leahari Kecamatan Leitimur Selatanan Kota Ambon. AE Innovation Journal, 1(2), 139–149.
Ma, T. N. R., Kaho, L. M. R., & Mau, A. E. (2023). Kontribusi program hutan kemasyarakatan terhadap pendapatan masyarakat (Studi kasus kelompok HKm Jita Sambi, Desa Tendambonggi, Kecamatan Ende, Kabupaten Ende). Jurnal Wana Lestari, 5(1), 146–154.
Maniraho, L., Frietsch, M., Sieber, S., & Löhr, K. (2023). A framework for drivers fostering social ecological restoration within forest landscape based on people’s participation: A systematic literature review. Discover Sustainability, 4(26), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-023-00141-x
Maris, R., & Holmes, M. (2023). Perspective economic growth theory and natural resource constraints: A stocktake and critical assessment. The Australian Economic Review, 56(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12505
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2021). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial. Retrieved from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/235324/permen-lhk-no-9-tahun-2021
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2023a). Dari perhutanan sosial. Siaran Pers Nomor: SP.441/HUMAS/PPIP/HMS.3/12/2023. Retrieved from https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/7566/dari-perhutanan-sosial-untuk-hutan-lestari-dan-masyarakat-sejahtera
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Muthmainnah, H., Sribianti, I., Abdullah, A. Z., & Ramadhan, M. N. (2022). Kontribusi hutan kemasyarakatan (HKM) terhadap pendapatan kelompok tani hutan (KTH) di Desa Gunung Silanu Kabupaten Jeneponto. Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia, 8(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.Vol8.Iss1.292.
Nurhaida, I., Setiawan, A., Bakri, S., Wiranta, G. A. B., & Syah, P. (2011). Development of fable comics as communication media and environmental education supplements to support the Way Kambas National Park biodiversity conservation campaign. Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment, 11(2), 2527–6158.
Pryanath, H. M. S., & Jayathma, H. W. T. (2021). The effect of social capital on transaction cost and livelihood success of sanasa beneficiaries: A case of Badulla District in Sri Lanka. Samodhana Journal, 10(1), 52–76.
Puskarova, P. (2022). Trust or bust: Growth effects of knowledge, human and social capital revisited. Economic Systems, 46, 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2022.101036
Quddus, A., & Kropp, J. D. (2020). Constraints to agricultural production and marketing in the lagging regions of Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(10), 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103956
Qurniati, R., Febryano, I. G., & Zulfiani, D. (2017). How trust influence social capital to support collective action in agroforestry development? Biodiversitas, 18(3), 1201–1206. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180344
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economics, 98, S71–S102.
Syahputra, A. M., Bakri, S., & Qurniati, R. (2022). Pengaruh tutupan hutan dan lahan terhadap sektor pertanian dalam perekonomian pendapatan daerah: Studi di Provinsi Lampung. Ulin: Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.32522/ujht.v6i1.6088
Susilo, Y. S., & Nairobi, N. (2019). Dampak perhutanan sosial pada pendapatan masyarakat. ISEI Economic Review, 3(1), 16–27.
Stewart, H. L., Race, D. H., Rohadi, D., & Schmidt, D. M. (2021). Growth and profitability of smallholder sengon and teak plantations in the Pati District, Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 130, 102539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102539
Vipriyanti, N. U. (2007). Studi sosial ekonomi tentang keterkaitan antara modal sosial dan pembangunan ekonomi wilayah: Studi kasus di empat kabupaten di Provinsi Bali [dissertation]. Bogor: IPB University.
Wah, C. Y., Menkhoff, T., Benjamin Loh, B., & Evers, H. (2007). Social capital and knowledge sharing in knowledge-based organizations: An empirical study, International Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(1), 29–48.
World Bank. (2023). Pathways towards economic security Indonesia poverty assessment. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Wulandari, C., & Kurniasih, H. (2019). Community preferences for social forestry facilitation programming in Lampung, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 3(1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.6026
Wulandari, C., Bakri, S., Riniarti, M., & Putra, H. J. (2022). The level of encroachers’s acceptance on community forest development plan: Study at Selagai Linggai Forest Management Unity Regency Central Lampung-Indonesia. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 10(2), 114–123.
Wulandari, C., Bakri, S. Riniarti, M., & Supriadi. (2021). Fostering the sustainability of community forestry program: Case study in Lampung-Sumatra. Forestry Ideas, 27(1), 210–232.
Yusuf, M., Septiadi, D., Nursan, M., & Fadli. (2023). Analisis ekonomi dan tingkat kesejahtraan rumah tangga petani peserta program hutan kemasyarakatan (HKm) di Kecamatan Sambalia, Kabupaten Lombok Timur NTB. Jurnal Ganec Swara, 17(2), 401–411.
Zhou, L., de Vries, W. T., Panman, A., Gao, F., & Fang, C. (2023). Evaluating collective action for effective land policy reform in developing country contexts: The construction and validation of dimensions and indicators. Land, 12(7), 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071401
Artika, E., Yuwono, S. B., Banuwa, I. S., Setiawan, A., Bakri, S., & Wahono, E. P. (2022). The effect of land cover forest on fluctuations in the availability of water in the Batutegi Dam, Lampung, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1027, 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1027/1/012006
Bakri, S. (2012). Fungsi intrinsik hutan dan faktor endogenic pertumbuhan ekonomi sebagai determinan pembangunan wilayah di Provinsi Lampung [dissertation]. Bogor: IPB University.
Bakri, S. (2023). Kelembagaan lingkungan. Tangerang Selatan: Open University Press.
Bakri, S., Darusman, D., Juwanda, B., & Bahruni. (2014). Pengembangan wilayah di bawah kendala sumberdaya. Jurnal Sosio Ekonomika, 18 (2), 161–170.
Bakri, S., Wulandari, C., Kurniasari, N., Safe'i, R., Ramdani, D., Anshory. (2023a). Effects of characteristics and perceptions of collectors of non-timber forest products to be members of the partnership program: A case study at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 9(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/107226/jtfm.29.2.109
Bakri, S., Sitorus, V., Kurniawan, B., Kuniawaty, E., Dewi, B. S., & Kaskoyo, H. (2023b). How much is the cost to reduce the incidence rate of infectious diseases through reforestation? (Case study on pulmonary tuberculosis under global warming scenario). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(2), 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/157212
Bakri, S., Qurniaty, Safe’i, R., & Hilmanto, R. (2021a). Social capital in its relation to the income of agroforestry community: Studi at Karang Rejo Village, Jati Agung District of South Lampung Regency. Journal Hutan Tropis, 9(1), 191–203.
Bakri, S., Karomani, K., & Ashaf, A. F. (2021b). The role of extension participation on risk-taking behavior of local elites and the coffee agroforestry farmer's income: A case study at social forest community on Batutegi Forest Management Unit, Lampung Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 739, 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/739/1/012006
Bakri, S., Setiawan, A., & Nurhaida, I. (2018). Coffee bean physical quality: The effect of climate change adaptation behavior of shifting up cultivation area to a higher elevation. Biodiversitas, 19(2), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190208
Claridge, T. (2019). Current definition of social capital. Academic Definition in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.socialcapital.research.com/current-definition-of-social-capital/
Cervellati, M., Meyerheim, G., & Sunde, U. (2023). The empirics of economic growth over time and across nations: A unified growth perspective. Journal of Economic Growth, 28, 173–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-022-09216-2
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(12), 95–120.
Dai, J., Darul, S. W. P., Hidayat, A., Sumulyadi, H. Y., Hendra, S., Yayat, A. H., Herman, A., Hermawsan, A., Burman, P., & Balsem, T. (1989). Expalnatory booklet of the land unit and soil map of Kotaagung Sheet, Sumatera. Bogor: Centre for Soil Research, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Department of Agriculture.
Dewantoro, A. D., & Ellitan, L. (2022). The role of social capital and knowledge creation in improving organizational performance. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 5(4), 53–58.
Global Forest Watch. (2023). Tree cover 20012022. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map.
Hair, J. F., Tomas, G. M. H., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R.: Workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Han, S., Graceoh, E., & Kang, P. (2022). Social capital leveraging knowledge-sharing ties and learning performance in higher education: Evidence from social network analysis in an engineering classroom. AERA, American Education Research Association, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221086665
Harjanti, D. & Halim, A. D. (2022). The role of social capital in building knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior in holding company. Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 2(4), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.34208/jba.v24i2.1577
Kaskoyo, H., Mohammed, A. J., & Inoue, M. (2014). Present state of community forestry (Hutan kemasyarakatan/HKm) program in a protection forest and its challenges: Case study in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 30(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.7747/JFS.2014.30.1.15
Kaskoyo, H., Mohammed, A., & Inoue, M. (2017). Impact of community forest program in protection forest on livelihood outcomes: A case study of Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 36(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1296774
Lechthaler, W., & Tesfaselassie, M. (2022). Endogenous growth, skill obsolescence and output hysteresis in a new Keynesian model with unemployment. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 55(8), 2187–2213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12979
Leunufna, H. M, Wattimena, C. M. A., & Sahureka, M. (2023). Pola tanam agroforestry Dusung di Negeri Leahari Kecamatan Leitimur Selatanan Kota Ambon. AE Innovation Journal, 1(2), 139–149.
Ma, T. N. R., Kaho, L. M. R., & Mau, A. E. (2023). Kontribusi program hutan kemasyarakatan terhadap pendapatan masyarakat (Studi kasus kelompok HKm Jita Sambi, Desa Tendambonggi, Kecamatan Ende, Kabupaten Ende). Jurnal Wana Lestari, 5(1), 146–154.
Maniraho, L., Frietsch, M., Sieber, S., & Löhr, K. (2023). A framework for drivers fostering social ecological restoration within forest landscape based on people’s participation: A systematic literature review. Discover Sustainability, 4(26), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-023-00141-x
Maris, R., & Holmes, M. (2023). Perspective economic growth theory and natural resource constraints: A stocktake and critical assessment. The Australian Economic Review, 56(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12505
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2021). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial. Retrieved from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/235324/permen-lhk-no-9-tahun-2021
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2023a). Dari perhutanan sosial. Siaran Pers Nomor: SP.441/HUMAS/PPIP/HMS.3/12/2023. Retrieved from https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/7566/dari-perhutanan-sosial-untuk-hutan-lestari-dan-masyarakat-sejahtera
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2023b). Laporan keuangan audited 2021. Jakarta: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Retrieved from https://www.menlhk.go.id/work-plan/?category=laporan-keuangan
Muthmainnah, H., Sribianti, I., Abdullah, A. Z., & Ramadhan, M. N. (2022). Kontribusi hutan kemasyarakatan (HKM) terhadap pendapatan kelompok tani hutan (KTH) di Desa Gunung Silanu Kabupaten Jeneponto. Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia, 8(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.Vol8.Iss1.292.
Nurhaida, I., Setiawan, A., Bakri, S., Wiranta, G. A. B., & Syah, P. (2011). Development of fable comics as communication media and environmental education supplements to support the Way Kambas National Park biodiversity conservation campaign. Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment, 11(2), 2527–6158.
Pryanath, H. M. S., & Jayathma, H. W. T. (2021). The effect of social capital on transaction cost and livelihood success of sanasa beneficiaries: A case of Badulla District in Sri Lanka. Samodhana Journal, 10(1), 52–76.
Puskarova, P. (2022). Trust or bust: Growth effects of knowledge, human and social capital revisited. Economic Systems, 46, 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2022.101036
Quddus, A., & Kropp, J. D. (2020). Constraints to agricultural production and marketing in the lagging regions of Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12(10), 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103956
Qurniati, R., Febryano, I. G., & Zulfiani, D. (2017). How trust influence social capital to support collective action in agroforestry development? Biodiversitas, 18(3), 1201–1206. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180344
Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economics, 98, S71–S102.
Syahputra, A. M., Bakri, S., & Qurniati, R. (2022). Pengaruh tutupan hutan dan lahan terhadap sektor pertanian dalam perekonomian pendapatan daerah: Studi di Provinsi Lampung. Ulin: Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.32522/ujht.v6i1.6088
Susilo, Y. S., & Nairobi, N. (2019). Dampak perhutanan sosial pada pendapatan masyarakat. ISEI Economic Review, 3(1), 16–27.
Stewart, H. L., Race, D. H., Rohadi, D., & Schmidt, D. M. (2021). Growth and profitability of smallholder sengon and teak plantations in the Pati District, Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 130, 102539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102539
Vipriyanti, N. U. (2007). Studi sosial ekonomi tentang keterkaitan antara modal sosial dan pembangunan ekonomi wilayah: Studi kasus di empat kabupaten di Provinsi Bali [dissertation]. Bogor: IPB University.
Wah, C. Y., Menkhoff, T., Benjamin Loh, B., & Evers, H. (2007). Social capital and knowledge sharing in knowledge-based organizations: An empirical study, International Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(1), 29–48.
World Bank. (2023). Pathways towards economic security Indonesia poverty assessment. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Wulandari, C., & Kurniasih, H. (2019). Community preferences for social forestry facilitation programming in Lampung, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 3(1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.6026
Wulandari, C., Bakri, S., Riniarti, M., & Putra, H. J. (2022). The level of encroachers’s acceptance on community forest development plan: Study at Selagai Linggai Forest Management Unity Regency Central Lampung-Indonesia. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 10(2), 114–123.
Wulandari, C., Bakri, S. Riniarti, M., & Supriadi. (2021). Fostering the sustainability of community forestry program: Case study in Lampung-Sumatra. Forestry Ideas, 27(1), 210–232.
Yusuf, M., Septiadi, D., Nursan, M., & Fadli. (2023). Analisis ekonomi dan tingkat kesejahtraan rumah tangga petani peserta program hutan kemasyarakatan (HKm) di Kecamatan Sambalia, Kabupaten Lombok Timur NTB. Jurnal Ganec Swara, 17(2), 401–411.
Zhou, L., de Vries, W. T., Panman, A., Gao, F., & Fang, C. (2023). Evaluating collective action for effective land policy reform in developing country contexts: The construction and validation of dimensions and indicators. Land, 12(7), 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071401
Authors
BakriS., AprilianiA. P., KaskoyoH., & WulandariC. (2024). Are the Physical and Social Capitals Still Productive Resources for Coffee Agroforestry Development?: The Evidence of Endogenous Growth Role in Leveraging the Sluggish Production Factors at Batutegi Forest Management Unit. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 30(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.30.2.284
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