Edge Effect on Bird Community in Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 30 No. 1 (2024)
Accepted
15 November 2023
Published
1 April 2024
Keywords:
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bird community, edge effect, vegetation composition, Ternate
Abstract
The edge is a meeting place between two ecosystems, or it can also be interpreted as a boundary where two habitats meet and interact. The presence of edges can create an edge effect and increase richness and species abundance. In the present study, we analyzed how edge and vegetation diversity affect a) bird communities and b) how birds respond to edges. Observation plots were placed in jamblang stands and coconut plantations (edge and interior). Bird communities were observed using point counts with a fixed radius of 25 m, and the distance between plots was 50 m. A survey of vegetation diversity was conducted using a combination of the transect and plot methods. The research showed that the highest species richness and diversity of birds (128 individuals of 18 species) and vegetation (168 individuals of 20 species) were found at the edge, although there were only slight differences in the number of species in each habitat. This was influenced by the structure and composition of the vegetation at the observation site. Nevertheless, this proves that the edge effect shapes the composition of bird communities. There are 9 species of bird can be mapped into 4 response models: generalis neutral, generalist edge exploiter, specialist edge exploiter, and edge specialist.
References
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Batary, P., & Baldi, A. (2004). Evidence of an edge effect on avian nest success. Conservation Biology, 18(2), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00184.x
Begon, M., Towsend C. R, & Harper, J. (2006). Ecology from individual to ecosystem (4th ed.). Malden: Blackwell.
Bibby, C., Jones, M., & Marsden, S. (2000). Expedition field technique birds surveys. Expedition Advisor Center.
Canaday. (1997). Loss of insectivorous birds along a gradient of human impact in Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 77(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00115-8
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Fahrig. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 487–515. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419
Greenler, S., & Ebersole, J.J. (2015). Bird communities in tropical agroforestry ecosystems: An underappreciated conservation resources. Agroforestry Systems, 89(2), 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9805-y
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Keyser, A. J., Hill, G. E, & Soehren, E. (1998). Effect of forest fragment size, nest density and proximity to edge on the risk of predation to ground-nesting passerine birds. Conservation Biology, 12(5), 986–994.
Kusmana, C. (1997). Metode survey tumbuhan. Bogor: IPB Press.
Laurence, W. F. (2000). Do edge effect occur over large spatial scales? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 134135 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01838-3
MacArthur, R. H., & MacArthur, J. W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology, 42(3), 594–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932254
Magurran, A. (2004). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princenton University Press.
Magura, T., Tothmeresz, B., & Molnar, T. (2001). Forest edge and diversity: Carabids along forest-grassland transect. Biodiversity & Conservation, 10, 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008967230493
Mardiastuti, A. (2005). Ekologi satwa pada lanskap yang didominasi manusia. Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.
Meffe, G., & Carol, C. (1994). Principle of conservation biology. Sinnauer Associates. Inc.
Murcia. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forest: Implication for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(2), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6
Odum, E. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3rd ed.). WB Saunders.
Partasasmita, R., Atsaury, Z. I., & Husodo, T. (2017). The use of forest canopy by various bird species in tropical forest montana zone, the Nature Reserve of Mount Tilu West Java Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(2), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180202
Peterson, R. (1980). Birds. Pustaka Alam Life.
Ries, L., Fletcher, R. J., Battin, J., & Sisk, T. D. (2004). Ecological responses to habitat edges: Mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(1), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130148
Risser, P. G. (1995). The status of the science eximining ecotones: A dynamic aspect of landscape is the area of steep gradients between more homogeneous vegetation associations. BioScience, 45(5), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312492
Rowley, L., Edwars, R., & Kelly, P. (2002). Edges-their effect on vegetation and wildlife. Victoria: Department of Natual Resources and Environment.
Salek, M., Svobodova, J., & Zasadil, P. (2010). Edge effect of low-traffic forest roads on bird communities in secondary production forests in central Europe. Landcape Ecology, 25(7), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-010-9487-9
Sayono, Mardhotillah, S., & Martini. (2005). Pengaruh aroma umpan dan warna kertas perangkap terhadap jumlah lalat yang tertangkap. Jurnal Litbang Muhammadiyah University Semarang, 2(2), 30–36
Sisk, T. D., & Margules, C. R. (1993). Habitat edges and restoration: Methods for quantifying edge effect and predicting the results of restoration efforts. In D. A. Saunders, R. J. Hobbs, & P. R. Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.), Nature conservation series 3: The reconstruction of fragmented ecosystems (pp. 57–69).
Syafrudin, D. (2011). Kajian habitat dan kelimpahan jenis burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Syahran, F. (2021). Penggunaan vegetasi oleh burung di Kebun Raya Bogor. Bogor: IPB University.
Tamnge, F. (2013). Keanekaragaman burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Pulau Ternate [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Terraube, J., Archaux, F., Deconchat, M., van Halder, I., Jactel, H., & Barbaro, L. (2016). Forest edges have high conservation value for bird communities in mosaic landscapes. Ecology and Evolution, 6(15), 5178–5189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2273
Vivian-Smith, G. (1997). Microtopographic heterogenity and floristic diversity in experimental wetland communities. Journal of Ecology, 85(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960628
Wilcove, D. S., McLellan, C. H., & Dobson, A. P. (1986). Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. In M. E. Soule. (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
Woinarski, J. C., & Tidemannn, S. (1991). The bird fauna of a decidous woodland in the wet-dry tropics of Northern Australia. Wildlife Research, 18(4), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9910479
Alikodra, H. (2002). Pengelolaan satwa liar. Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.
Alotia, J., Saroyo, & Rondonowu. (2019). Biodiversitas burung pada perkebunan kelapa di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Bios Logos, 9(1), 1–7.
Balaz, M., & Balazova, M. (2012). Diversity and abundance of bird communities in three mountain forest stand: Effect of the habitat heterogenity. Polish Journal of Ecology, 60(1), 629–634.
Batary, P., & Baldi, A. (2004). Evidence of an edge effect on avian nest success. Conservation Biology, 18(2), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00184.x
Begon, M., Towsend C. R, & Harper, J. (2006). Ecology from individual to ecosystem (4th ed.). Malden: Blackwell.
Bibby, C., Jones, M., & Marsden, S. (2000). Expedition field technique birds surveys. Expedition Advisor Center.
Canaday. (1997). Loss of insectivorous birds along a gradient of human impact in Amazonia. Biological Conservation, 77(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00115-8
Coates, B. J., & Bishop, K. D. (2000). Panduan lapangan burung-burung di kawasan Wallacea: Sulawesi, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara (S. N. Kartikasari, & M. D. Tapilatu, Trans.). BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme & Dove Publications Pty.Ltd. (Original work published 1997).
Dale, S., Mork, K., Solvang, R., & Plumptre, A. J. (2000). Edge effects on the understorey bird community in a logged forest in Uganda. Conservation Biology, 14(1), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98340.x
Desantoro, T., Hardina, K., Hardikananda, N., Pangestu, F. A., Safitri, S., & Aziz, A. (2020). Respon komunitas burung terhadap beberapa habitat pada ekosistem artifisial di wilayah PT PJB UP Paiton. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 10(3), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.3.489-500
Desmukh, I. (1992). Ekologi dan biologi tropika. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Erdos, L., Galle, R., Kormoczi, L., & Batori, Z. (2013). Species composition and diversity of natural forest edges: Edge responses and local edge species. Community Ecology, 14(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.14.2013.1.6
Fahrig. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 487–515. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419
Greenler, S., & Ebersole, J.J. (2015). Bird communities in tropical agroforestry ecosystems: An underappreciated conservation resources. Agroforestry Systems, 89(2), 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9805-y
Heithecker, T. D., & Halpern, C. B. (2007). Edge-related gradients in microclimate in forest aggregates following structural retention harvest in western Washington. Forest Ecology and Management, 248(3), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.05.003
Immanuddin. (2009). Komunitas burung di bawah tajuk pada hutan primer dan hutan sekunder di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan. Bogor: IPB University.
Johnston, V. R. (1947). Breeding birds of the forest edge in Illionis. The Condor, 49(2), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1364118
Kark, S. (2007). Effects of ecotones on biodiversity. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 3(1), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00234-3
Keyser, A. J., Hill, G. E, & Soehren, E. (1998). Effect of forest fragment size, nest density and proximity to edge on the risk of predation to ground-nesting passerine birds. Conservation Biology, 12(5), 986–994.
Kusmana, C. (1997). Metode survey tumbuhan. Bogor: IPB Press.
Laurence, W. F. (2000). Do edge effect occur over large spatial scales? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 134135 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01838-3
MacArthur, R. H., & MacArthur, J. W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology, 42(3), 594–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932254
Magurran, A. (2004). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princenton University Press.
Magura, T., Tothmeresz, B., & Molnar, T. (2001). Forest edge and diversity: Carabids along forest-grassland transect. Biodiversity & Conservation, 10, 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008967230493
Mardiastuti, A. (2005). Ekologi satwa pada lanskap yang didominasi manusia. Bogor: Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.
Meffe, G., & Carol, C. (1994). Principle of conservation biology. Sinnauer Associates. Inc.
Murcia. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forest: Implication for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(2), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6
Odum, E. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3rd ed.). WB Saunders.
Partasasmita, R., Atsaury, Z. I., & Husodo, T. (2017). The use of forest canopy by various bird species in tropical forest montana zone, the Nature Reserve of Mount Tilu West Java Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 18(2), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180202
Peterson, R. (1980). Birds. Pustaka Alam Life.
Ries, L., Fletcher, R. J., Battin, J., & Sisk, T. D. (2004). Ecological responses to habitat edges: Mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(1), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130148
Risser, P. G. (1995). The status of the science eximining ecotones: A dynamic aspect of landscape is the area of steep gradients between more homogeneous vegetation associations. BioScience, 45(5), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312492
Rowley, L., Edwars, R., & Kelly, P. (2002). Edges-their effect on vegetation and wildlife. Victoria: Department of Natual Resources and Environment.
Salek, M., Svobodova, J., & Zasadil, P. (2010). Edge effect of low-traffic forest roads on bird communities in secondary production forests in central Europe. Landcape Ecology, 25(7), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-010-9487-9
Sayono, Mardhotillah, S., & Martini. (2005). Pengaruh aroma umpan dan warna kertas perangkap terhadap jumlah lalat yang tertangkap. Jurnal Litbang Muhammadiyah University Semarang, 2(2), 30–36
Sisk, T. D., & Margules, C. R. (1993). Habitat edges and restoration: Methods for quantifying edge effect and predicting the results of restoration efforts. In D. A. Saunders, R. J. Hobbs, & P. R. Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.), Nature conservation series 3: The reconstruction of fragmented ecosystems (pp. 57–69).
Syafrudin, D. (2011). Kajian habitat dan kelimpahan jenis burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Syahran, F. (2021). Penggunaan vegetasi oleh burung di Kebun Raya Bogor. Bogor: IPB University.
Tamnge, F. (2013). Keanekaragaman burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Pulau Ternate [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Terraube, J., Archaux, F., Deconchat, M., van Halder, I., Jactel, H., & Barbaro, L. (2016). Forest edges have high conservation value for bird communities in mosaic landscapes. Ecology and Evolution, 6(15), 5178–5189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2273
Vivian-Smith, G. (1997). Microtopographic heterogenity and floristic diversity in experimental wetland communities. Journal of Ecology, 85(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960628
Wilcove, D. S., McLellan, C. H., & Dobson, A. P. (1986). Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. In M. E. Soule. (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
Woinarski, J. C., & Tidemannn, S. (1991). The bird fauna of a decidous woodland in the wet-dry tropics of Northern Australia. Wildlife Research, 18(4), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9910479
Authors
TamngeF., NurdinA. S., BagunaF. L., KurniawanA., TamrinM., & HusenN. (2024). Edge Effect on Bird Community in Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 30(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.30.1.21
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