Towards Inclusive Indonesian Forestry: An Overview of a Spatial Planning and Agrarian Perspective
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 28 No. 1 (2022)
Accepted
5 February 2022
Published
19 April 2022
Keywords:
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forestry governance, inclusive collaborative management, integrated spatial planning, forestry rationalisation, social forestry
Abstract
Forest area is the largest and most important part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia but still faces many challenges, including deforestation, forest fires, peat swamp degradation and poverty of local communities due to horizontal and vertical forestry conflicts. This paper focuses on the analysis of forestry development based on spatial planning and agrarian perspective by conveying various facts. A single and centralistic authority over forest areas does not provide an effective basis for sustainable resource governance. There is a dualism of spatial and agrarian planning system namely between forest areas and non-forest areas. It should be integrated by mainstreaming inclusive collaborative management. We recommend promoting forest areas' arrangement under the control of an integrated spatial planning system for the people's greatest possible prosperity, including forestry management principles and objectives. Rationalisation of forest allocation (spatial pattern plan), which the optimum forest allocation must be viewed from the perspective of the overall spatial balance (both forest and non-forest areas, and between protected and cultivated areas) to provide land for food production, social welfare and environmental functions. Forestry implementation needs to consider the principles of economies of scale and prioritise benefits for local communities living bordering forests areas, especially for food cultivation areas. The government should commit to allocating at least 15 million ha inclusively by prioritising landless farmers and smallholder farmers. Increasing community participation in forest area utilisation and functions is pursued through increasing forest access for the community (social forestry and other schemes) without neglecting conservation functions.
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[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018a). Data and information: Indonesia forestry thematic mapping. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry. http://appgis.menlhk.go.id/
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[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2019). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan No. P.41/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/7/2019 tentang Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional Tahun 20112030. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). The state of Indonesia’s forest 2020. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry. https://indonesianembassy.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ FA-Rev-01-Booklet-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-SOFO-2020-A5_ENG-12.24.20_compressed-1.pdf
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Sahide, M. A. K., Maryudi, A., Supratman, S., & Giessen, L. (2016). Is Indonesia utilising its international partners? The driving forces behind Forest Management Units. Forest Policy and Economics, 69, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.04.002
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Tacconi, L., Rodrigues, R. J., & Maryudi, A. (2019). Law enforcement and deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.029
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2006). Empires of forestry: Professional forestry and state power in southeast Asia, part 1. Environment and History, 12(1), 31–64. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734006776026809
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2011). 8. Political violence and scientific forestry: Emergencies, insurgencies, and counterinsurgencies in Southeast Asia. In M. Goldman., P. Nadasdy., & M. Turner. (Eds.), Knowing nature (pp. 152–166). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226301440-011
Wong, G. Y., Moeliono, M., Bong, I. W., Pham, T. T., Sahide, M. A. K., Naito, D., & Brockhaus, M. (2020). Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum, 117, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.10.010
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Asmin, F., Darusman, D., Ichwandi, I., & Suharjito, D. (2019). Mainstreaming community-based forest management in West Sumatra: Social forestry arguments, support, and implementation. Forest and Society, 3(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.4047
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Bong, I. W., Moeliono, M., Wong, G. Y., & Brockhaus, M. (2019). What is success? Gaps and trade-offs in assessing the performance of traditional social forestry systems in Indonesia. Forest and Society, 3(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.5184
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2015). Analisis tematik ST2013 Subsektor: Analisis rumah tangga usaha bidang kehutanan dan rumah tangga sekitar Hutan. Jakarta: BPS
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Hasil survei pertanian antar sensus (SUTAS) 2018. Jakarta: BPS
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). PDB Indonesia Triwulanan 20162020. Jakarta: BPS
Brockhaus, M., Obidzinski, K., Dermawan, A., Laumonier, Y., & Luttrell, C. (2012). An overview of forest and land allocation policies in Indonesia: Is the current framework sufficient to meet the needs of REDD+? Forest Policy and Economics, 18, 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.09.004
Combes, J. L., Motel, P. C., & Schwartz, S. (2016). A review of the economic theory of the commons. A Review of the Economic Theory of the Commons, 24(3), 55–83. https://doi.org/10.3917/edd.303.0055
Dauvergne, P. (1993). The politics of deforestation in Indonesia. Pacific Affairs, 66(4), 497–518. https://doi.org/10.2307/2760676
Deakin, L., Kshatriya, M., & Sunderland, T. (Eds). (2010). Agrarian change in tropical landscapes. CIFOR. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005867
[Ditjenbun] Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. (2019). Statistik perkebunan Indonesia: Kelapa sawit 20182020. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian RI
Edwards, R. B., Naylor, R. L., Higgins, M. M., & Falcon, W. P. (2020). Causes of Indonesia’s forest fires. World Development, 127(104717), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104717
Enrici, A., & Hubacek, K. (2016). Business as usual in Indonesia: Governance factors effecting the acceleration of the deforestation rate after the introduction of REDD+. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 1(4), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0037-4
Erbaugh, J. T. (2019). Responsibilization and social forestry in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 109, 102019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102019
[FAO] The Food and Agriculture Organization. (2000). FRA2000: On definitions of forest and forest change. Working Paper 33. Rome: FAO.
[FAO] The Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). FAOSTAT. Online statistical database. http://faostat.fao.org/static/syb/syb_101.pdf
[FAO] The Food and Agriculture Organization, & [UNEP] The United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). The state of the world’s forests 2020. Forest, biodiversity and people. Rome: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en
Fauzi, A., & Oxtavianus, A. (2014). Pengukuran pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Mimbar, 30(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v30i1.445
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., …, & Zaks, D. P. M. (2011). Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478(7369), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
[GCDL] Global Change Data Lab. (2021). Agriculture land per capita. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agricultural-area-per-capita?tab=chart®ion=World
Geldmann, J., Manica, A., Burgess, N. D., Coad, L., & Balmford, A. (2019). A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(46), 23209–23215. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1908221116
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
[KPA] Konsorsium Pembaharuan Agraria. (2019). Dari Aceh sampai Papua: Urgensi penyelesaian konflik agraria struktural dan jalan pembaruan agraria ke depan. http://kpa.or.id
[KPK] Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. (2016). Kajian sistem pengelolaan komoditas kelapa sawit. http://www.mongabay.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Kajian-KPK-soal-Tata-Kelola-Sawit-2016.pdf
Meehan, F., & Tacconi, L. (2017). A framework to assess the impacts of corruption on forests and prioritise responses. Land Use Policy, 60, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.021
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018a). Data and information: Indonesia forestry thematic mapping. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry. http://appgis.menlhk.go.id/
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018b). The state of Indonesia’s forests 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2019). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan No. P.41/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/7/2019 tentang Rencana Kehutanan Tingkat Nasional Tahun 20112030. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). The state of Indonesia’s forest 2020. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry. https://indonesianembassy.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ FA-Rev-01-Booklet-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-SOFO-2020-A5_ENG-12.24.20_compressed-1.pdf
Ostrom, E. (2003). How types of goods and property rights jointly affect collective action. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15(3), 239–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692803015003002
Peluso, N. L., & Vandergeest, P. (2011). Political ecologies of war and forests: Counterinsurgencies and the making of national natures. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101(3), 587–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.560064
Peluso, N. L., & Vandergeest, P. (2020). Writing political forests. Antipode, 52(4), 1083–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12636
Rahma, H., Fauzi, A., Juanda, B., & Widjojanto, B. (2019). Development of a composite measure of regional sustainable development in Indonesia. Sustainability, 11(20), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205861
Rakatama, A., & Pandit, R. (2020). Reviewing social forestry schemes in Indonesia: Opportunities and challenges. Forest Policy and Economics, 111, 102052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102052
Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Tacconi, L., Sloan, S., Hamdani, F. A. U., Subarudi, Alviya, I., & Muttaqin, M. Z. (2019). Indonesia’s land reform: Implications for local livelihoods and climate change. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.007
Romijn, E., Ainembabazi, J. H., Wijaya, A., Herold, M., Angelsen, A., Verchot, L., & Murdiyarso, D. (2013). Exploring different forest definitions and their impact on developing REDD+ reference emission levels: A case study for Indonesia. Environmental Science & Policy, 33, 246259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.06.002
Rustiadi, E., Saefulhakim, S., & Panuju, D. R. (2011). Perencanaan dan pengembangan wilayah (2nd ed.). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Sahide, M. A. K., & Giessen, L. (2015). The fragmented land-use administration in Indonesia-Analysing bureaucratic responsibilities influencing tropical rainforest transformation systems. Land Use Policy, 43, 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.11.005
Sahide, M. A. K., Maryudi, A., Supratman, S., & Giessen, L. (2016). Is Indonesia utilising its international partners? The driving forces behind Forest Management Units. Forest Policy and Economics, 69, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.04.002
Santosa, M. A., Khatarina, J., & Suwana, A. S. (2013). The progress on governing REDD+ in Indonesia. International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, Special Ed, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2013.3356
Schlager, E., & Ostrom, E. (1992). Property-rights regimes and natural resources: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262.
Sumardjono, M. S. W., Ismail, N., Rustiadi, E., & Damai, A. A. (2011). Pengaturan sumber daya alam di Indonesia: Antara yang tersurat dan tersirat. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Hukum Gadjah Mada/Gadjah Mada University Press.
Tacconi, L., Rodrigues, R. J., & Maryudi, A. (2019). Law enforcement and deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.029
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2006). Empires of forestry: Professional forestry and state power in southeast Asia, part 1. Environment and History, 12(1), 31–64. https://doi.org/10.3197/096734006776026809
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2011). 8. Political violence and scientific forestry: Emergencies, insurgencies, and counterinsurgencies in Southeast Asia. In M. Goldman., P. Nadasdy., & M. Turner. (Eds.), Knowing nature (pp. 152–166). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226301440-011
Wong, G. Y., Moeliono, M., Bong, I. W., Pham, T. T., Sahide, M. A. K., Naito, D., & Brockhaus, M. (2020). Social forestry in Southeast Asia: Evolving interests, discourses and the many notions of equity. Geoforum, 117, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.10.010
Authors
RustiadiE., & VeriasaT. O. (2022). Towards Inclusive Indonesian Forestry: An Overview of a Spatial Planning and Agrarian Perspective . Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.28.1.60
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