Morphological Responses of a Light-Demanding Alstonia scholaris and a Shade-Tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the Air Humidity and Light Intensity
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 27 No. 3 (2021)
Accepted
1 November 2021
Published
14 December 2021
Keywords:
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environmental factors, growth pattern, intolerant tree species, tolerant tree species, tropical tree species
Abstract
The response of tropical trees to the change of light intensity has been reported to be varied among different species. Some reports argued that the growth was increasing parallel to the increasing of light intensity, but other reports mentioned that the sensitivity to the light intensity was depending on the species. Another environmental factor that has been scientifically proven to affect tree growth is humidity. While humidity itself also directly affected by the light intensity in the forest ecosystems. Therefore, it is possible that the growth pattern of trees under different light intensities is also affected by air humidity under the canopy. This research aimed to study the growth response of a light-demanding Alstonia scholaris and a shade-tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the different levels of air humidity and light intensity. The experiment was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia from April to November 2019. The experiment was carried out using split plot design with factorial treatments. The main plot was the air humidity with three levels and the sub plots was light intensity with five levels. Four replicates were applied. In general, the A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the humidity and light intensity compared to E. zwageri. In particular, A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the light intensity while, E, zwageri is more sensitive to the humidity. However, there is also strong indication that the effects of light intensity to the growth, especially for A. scholaris, was affected by the humidity level.
References
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Osunkoya, O. O., Ash, J. E., Hopkins, M. S. & Graham, A. W. (1994). Influence of seed size and seedling ecological attributes on shade-tolerance of rain-forest tree species in Northern Queensland. Journal of Ecology, 82, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261394
Park, S. Y. & Furukawa, A. (1999). Photosynthetic and stomatal response of two tropical and two temperate trees to atmospheric humidity. Photosynthetica, 36, 181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007039308629
Rao, K. S., & Rajput, K. S. (1999). Seasonal behavior of vascular cambium in teak (Tectona grandis) growing in moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests. IAWA Journal, 20, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001553
Rincon, E. & Huante, P. (1993). Growth responses of tropical deciduous tree seedlings to contrasting light conditions. Trees, 7, 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202074
Rosenvald, K., Tullus, A., Ostonen, I., Uri, V., Kupper, K., Aosaar, J., & Lõhmus, K. (2014). The effect of elevated air humidity on young silver birch and hybrid aspen biomass allocation and accumulation – Acclimation mechanisms and capacity. Forest Ecology and Management, 330, 252260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.016
Schongart, J., Piedade, M. T. F., Ludwigshausen, S., Horna, V., & Worbes, M. (2002). Phenology and stem-growth periodicity of tree species in Amazonian floodplain forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467402002389
Sidiyasa, K., Atmoko. T., Ma’ruf. A., & Mukhlisi. (2009). Study on morphological diversity, ecology, mother tree and ironwood conservation in Kalimantan. Report on Research Results in Collaboration with the Ministry of National Education and Samboja Seed Technology Research Institute.
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Soedibja, R. S. (1952). Penjelidikan tentang tumbuh dan ekologi kaju besi (Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B.) di lingkungan hutan Semandai (Palembang). Rimba Indonesia, 1(5), 215–223.
Soerianegara, I. (1974). Ecological researches relevant to current silviculture problems. Coordinated study of lowland forest of Indonesia. Bogor: BIOTROP and IPB
Steven, M. D., Biscoe, P. V., Jaggard, K. W. & Paruntu. (1986). Foliage cover and radiation interception. Field Crops Research, 13, 7587. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(86)90012-2
Swaine, M. D. & Whitmore, T. C. (1988). On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests. Vegetatio, 75, 8186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044629
Veenendaal, E., Swaine, M. D. & Owusu-Afriyie, K. (1996) Responses of west african forest tree seedlings to irradiance and soil fertility. Functional Ecology, 10 (4), 501511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389943
Vincent G. (2006). Leaf life span plasticity in tropical seedlings grown under contrasting light regimes. Annals of Botany, 97, 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj023
Whitmore, T. C. (1996). A review of some aspects of tropical rain forest seedling ecology with suggestions for further enquiry (pp. 3–39). In M. D. Swaine (Ed.), The ecology of tropical forest tree seedlings. MAB UNESCO Series, vol. 17. Paris: Parthenon.
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Yanez-Espinosa, L., Terrazas, T., & Lopez-Mata, L. (2006). Integrated analysis of tropical trees growth: A multivariate approach. Annals of Botany, 98, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl142
Yuan, W., Zheng, Y., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Lombardozzi, D., Wang, Y. P., ..., & Yang, S. (2019). Increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth. Science Advances, 5(8). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1396
Aasamaa, K. & Sõber, A. (2011). Stomatal sensitivities to changes in leaf water potential, air humidity, CO2 concentration and light intensity, and the effect of abscisic acid on the sensitivities in six temperate deciduous tree species. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 71, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.013
Ashton, P. S. (1988). Manual of the non-dipterocarp trees of Sarawak. Kuching: Forest Department Sarawak.
Bonan, G. B. (2008). Ecological climatology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805530
Chen, J., Franklin, J. F., & Spies, T.A. (1993). Contrasting microclimates among clear cut,edge, and interior of old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 63, 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(93)90061-L
Denslow, J.S. (1980). Gap partitioning among tropical rain forest trees. Biotropica, 12, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388156
Eschenbach, C., Glauner, R., Kleine M. & Kappen, L. (1998). Photosynthesis rates of selected tree species in lowland dipterocarp rainforest of Sabah, Malaysia. Trees, 12, 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050162
Fetcher, N., Boyd, R. Strain, & Oberbauer, S. F. (1983). Effects of light regime on the growth, leaf morphology, and water relations of seedlings of two species of tropical trees. Oecologia, 58, 314319. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385229
Georgi, N. J. & Zafiriadis, K. (2006). The impact of park trees on microclimate in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems, 9, 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-8590-9
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Grossiord, C., Buckley, T. N., Cernusak. L. A., Novick, K. A., Poulter, B., Siegwolf, R. T. W., ..., & McDowell, N. G. (2020). Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. New Phytologist, 226(6), 15501566. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16485
Hardwick, S. R., Toumi R., Pfeifer, M., Turner, E. C., Nilus, R., & Ewers, R. M. (2015). The relationship between leaf area index and microclimate in tropical forest and oil palm plantation: Forest disturbance drives changes in microclimate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 201, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.agrformet.2014.11.010
Irawan, B. (2005). Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its varieties in Jambi, Indonesia. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag.
Kaufmann, M. R. (1976). Stomatal response of Engelmann spruce to humidity, light, and water stress. Plant Physiol, 57, 898901. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.57.6.898
Koopman, M.J.F., & Verhoef, L. (1938). Eusideroxylon zwageri, The ironwood of Borneo and Sumatera. Tectona, 31, 381–399.
Laumonier Y. (1996). The vegetation and physiography of Sumatra. Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0031-8
Lendzion, J., & Leuschner, C. (2008). Growth of european beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings is limited by elevated atmospheric vapour pressure deficits. Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 648–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2008.05.008
Poorter, L. (1999). Growth responses of 15 rain-forest tree species to a light gradient: The relative importance of morphological and physiological traits. Functional Ecology, 13, 396–410. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00332.x
Lestari, Y. (2016). The effects of light intensity and humidity to the germination and growth of ironwood seedlings (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) in the polybags [thesis]. Jambi: University of Jambi.
Niglas, A., Kupper, P,. Tullus, A., & Sellin, A. (2014). Responses of sap flow, leaf gas exchange and growth of hybrid aspen to elevated atmospheric humidity under field conditions. AoB PLANTS, 6, plu021. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu021
Ogata, Y., Nobuchi, T., Fujita, M., & Sahri, M. H. (2001). Growth rings and tree growth in young para rubber trees from Peninsular Malaysia. IAWA Journal, 22, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000267
Osunkoya, O. O., Ash, J. E., Hopkins, M. S. & Graham, A. W. (1994). Influence of seed size and seedling ecological attributes on shade-tolerance of rain-forest tree species in Northern Queensland. Journal of Ecology, 82, 149–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261394
Park, S. Y. & Furukawa, A. (1999). Photosynthetic and stomatal response of two tropical and two temperate trees to atmospheric humidity. Photosynthetica, 36, 181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007039308629
Rao, K. S., & Rajput, K. S. (1999). Seasonal behavior of vascular cambium in teak (Tectona grandis) growing in moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests. IAWA Journal, 20, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001553
Rincon, E. & Huante, P. (1993). Growth responses of tropical deciduous tree seedlings to contrasting light conditions. Trees, 7, 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202074
Rosenvald, K., Tullus, A., Ostonen, I., Uri, V., Kupper, K., Aosaar, J., & Lõhmus, K. (2014). The effect of elevated air humidity on young silver birch and hybrid aspen biomass allocation and accumulation – Acclimation mechanisms and capacity. Forest Ecology and Management, 330, 252260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.016
Schongart, J., Piedade, M. T. F., Ludwigshausen, S., Horna, V., & Worbes, M. (2002). Phenology and stem-growth periodicity of tree species in Amazonian floodplain forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467402002389
Sidiyasa, K., Atmoko. T., Ma’ruf. A., & Mukhlisi. (2009). Study on morphological diversity, ecology, mother tree and ironwood conservation in Kalimantan. Report on Research Results in Collaboration with the Ministry of National Education and Samboja Seed Technology Research Institute.
Sidiyasa, K. (2011). Distribution, potential and management of ulin in Indonesia. In M. Bismark, & Murniati (Eds.), Proceedings of the national workshop on conservation status and conservation strategy formulation of endangered tree species (ulin, ebony and michelia).
Soedibja, R. S. (1952). Penjelidikan tentang tumbuh dan ekologi kaju besi (Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B.) di lingkungan hutan Semandai (Palembang). Rimba Indonesia, 1(5), 215–223.
Soerianegara, I. (1974). Ecological researches relevant to current silviculture problems. Coordinated study of lowland forest of Indonesia. Bogor: BIOTROP and IPB
Steven, M. D., Biscoe, P. V., Jaggard, K. W. & Paruntu. (1986). Foliage cover and radiation interception. Field Crops Research, 13, 7587. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(86)90012-2
Swaine, M. D. & Whitmore, T. C. (1988). On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests. Vegetatio, 75, 8186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044629
Veenendaal, E., Swaine, M. D. & Owusu-Afriyie, K. (1996) Responses of west african forest tree seedlings to irradiance and soil fertility. Functional Ecology, 10 (4), 501511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389943
Vincent G. (2006). Leaf life span plasticity in tropical seedlings grown under contrasting light regimes. Annals of Botany, 97, 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj023
Whitmore, T. C. (1996). A review of some aspects of tropical rain forest seedling ecology with suggestions for further enquiry (pp. 3–39). In M. D. Swaine (Ed.), The ecology of tropical forest tree seedlings. MAB UNESCO Series, vol. 17. Paris: Parthenon.
Williams-Linera, G., Domínguez-Gastelú, & García-Zurita, M. E., (1998). Micro environment and floristics of different edges in a fragmented tropical rainforest. Conservation Biology, 12(5), 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1523-1739.1998.97262.X
Yanez-Espinosa, L., Terrazas, T., & Lopez-Mata, L. (2006). Integrated analysis of tropical trees growth: A multivariate approach. Annals of Botany, 98, 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl142
Yuan, W., Zheng, Y., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Lombardozzi, D., Wang, Y. P., ..., & Yang, S. (2019). Increased atmospheric vapor pressure deficit reduces global vegetation growth. Science Advances, 5(8). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1396
Authors
IrawanB., TaminR. P., & HardiyantiR. A. (2021). Morphological Responses of a Light-Demanding Alstonia scholaris and a Shade-Tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the Air Humidity and Light Intensity. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(3), 193. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.27.3.193
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