Mangrove Forest Utilization for Sustainable Livelihood through Community-Based Ecotourism in Kao Village of North Halmahera District
Abstract
This article aims to describe the mangrove forest utilization for sustainable livelihood through a community-based ecotourism approach. This research conduct in Kao Village, North Halmahera District of Indonesia. This study was done in a qualitative method using a life-history approach. The data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document study. The data were analyzed using a triangulation method to obtain credible information. These research findings show that cultural value, known as Higaro was able to mobilize the capability to access resources such as natural and social capital. In its development, assimilation and acculturation caused changes in livelihood structure. In addition, The mining sector's existence in the Kao community custom area had the potential to limit access to natural and social capital due to ecological loss. However, the mining sector could mobilize human and physical capital through Social Performance programs in the education sector and infrastructure development. The adverse effects of the mining sector to the environment had become such a stimulus for the Kao Village community to adopt an environmentally friendly development approach that had economic value and was able to improve the community welfare. Thus, the Kao Village community managed to maintain and utilize the mangrove forest using a community-based ecotourism approach to endurance livelihood sustainability. These results could be developed into recommendations for regional policymakers, especially in the rural areas, to mobilize the capability of local community access to capitals through the tourism sector to maintain livelihood sustainability.
References
Anani, K. (1999). Sustainable governance of livelihoods in rural Africa: A place-based response to globalism in Africa. Development, 42, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110037
Ancok, D. (2003). Modal sosial dan kualitas masyarakat. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 15(8), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.20885/psikologika.vol8.iss15.art1
Arnegger, J., Woltering, M., & Job, H. (2010). Toward a product-based typology for nature-based tourism: A conceptual framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 915–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.485680
Ashley, C., & Carney, D. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods: Lessons from early experience. London: Department for International Development.
Astuti, E. W., Hidayat, A., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2020). Community forest scheme: Measuring impact in livelihood Case Study Lombok Tengah Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.52
Aziz, M. (2014). The model of traditional gold mining and its environmental management in The Paningkaban Village, Gumelar District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. Dinamika Rekayasa, 10, 20–28.
Ballantyne, M., & Pickering, C. (2012). Ecotourism as a threatening process for wild orchids. Journal of Ecotourism, 11(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2011.628398
Banerjee, A. (2012). Is wildlife tourism benefiting Indian protected areas? A survey. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.599367
Brata, I. B. (2016). Kearifan budaya lokal perekat identitas bangsa. Jurnal Bakti Saraswati, 5(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9614-4
Bubala, E., Pesoth, F. W., & Kiyai, B. (2015). Implementasi corporate social responsibility (CSR) PT. Nusa Halmahera Minerals dalam pemberdayaan pendidikan di Kecamatan Kao Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 4(32), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Chambers, R., & Conway, G. R. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper 296.
Din, M. A. . (2019). Transformasi hibualamo dalam pembangunan keagamaan di Maluku Utara, perspektif komunikasi antaragama. Al-Tadabbur: Kajian Sosial, Peradaban dan Agama, 5(1), 1–13.
Duan, J. E. (2019). Gikiri Moi: Konsep tuhan orang Tobelo dan pengaruhnya terhadap pemahaman iman Kristen. Hibualamo, 3(2), 45–50.
Duncan, C. R. (2001). Savage imagery: (Mis)representations of the forest tobelo of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 2(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210110001706035
Edward. (2019). Pengamatan kadar logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan tembaga (Cu) pada daging ikan di Teluk Kao, Halmahera. Junral Pro-Life, 6(2), 122–135.
Eilenberg, M., & Wadley, R. L. (2009). Borderland livelihood strategies: Thsocioeconomicic significance of ethnicity in cross-border labour migration, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 50(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2009.01381.x
Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
Fahrian, H. H., Putro, S. P., & Muhammad, F. (2015). Potensi ekowisata di kawasan mangrove, Desa Mororejo, Kabupaten Kendal. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 7(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v7i2.3953
Fauzi, A., & Oxtavianus, A. (2014). Pengukuran pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v30i1.445
Haboddin, M. (2012). Menguatnya politik identitas di ranah lokal. Journal of Government and Politics, 3(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2012.0007
Hakim, I. (2014). Dampak kebijakan pertambangan batubara bagi masyarakat Bengkuring Kelurahan Sempaja Selatan Kecamatan Samarinda Utara. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2(2), 1731–1741. Retrieved from http://perpustakaan.unmul.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/um/article/view/158
Handoko, W. (2017). Ekspansi kekuasaan Islam Kesultanan Ternate di Pesisir Timur Halmahera Utara. Kapata Arkeologi, 13(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.396
Handoko, W., & Mujabuddawat, M. A. (2017). Situs Kampung Tua Kao: Identitas asal usul dan jejak peradaban Islam di wilayah pedalaman Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v2i2.653
Handoko, W., Mujabuddawat, M. Al, & Whittaker, J. (2018). Islamicization strategies in Kao Ancient Village, North Halmahera. Kapata Arkeologi, 14(1), 49–62.
Haribawa, P. A., Avenzora, R., & Arief, H. (2020). The polarization of orientation on cultural land utilization for ecotourism development amongst the local in Bali Aga of Mount Lesung Region. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.21
Humaedi, M. A. (2014). Kegagalan akulturasi budaya dan isu agama dalam konflik Lampung. Analisa, 21(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v21i02.11
Husen, A. (2016). Perairan Teluk Kao Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis dan Prikanan (Agrikan UMMU-Ternate), 9(1), 9–15. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net
Irawan, A. A. (2013). Dampak ekonomi dan sosial aktivitas tambang batubara PT. Tanito Harum bagi Masyarakatdi Kelurahan Loa Tebu Kecamatan Tenggarong. EJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 1(1), 45–56. Retrieved from http://perpustakaan.unmul.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/um/article/view/33/25
Kim, S., & Ellis, A. (2015). Noodle production and consumption: From agriculture to food tourism in Japan. Tourism Geographies, 17(1), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.978812
Kotalaha, Y., & Sasongko, G. (2018). Kearifan lokal “Makiriwo” dalam perspektif sustainable livelihood (Studi kasus petani kelapa Desa Apulea, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara). Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 6(3), 256–262.
Kustiana, A. F., Harafah, L. O. M., & Millia, H. (2016). Kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar pertambangan nikel di Kecamatan Bohodopi Kabupaten Morowali. Jurnal Ekonomi, 1(1), 135–145.
Kusumastuti, A. (2015). Modal sosial dan mekanisme adaptasi masyarakat pedesaan dalam pengelolaan dan pembangunan infrastruktur. MASYARAKAT: Jurnal Sosiologi, 20(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.7454/mjs.v20i1.4740
Leinbach, T. R., & Watkins, J. F. (1998). Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: Transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Economic Geography, 74(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/144343
López-Bonilla, J. M., & López-Bonilla, L. M. (2012). Environmental orientation in tourism: The RTEO scale. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(6), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.657615
López-Bonilla, J. M., & López-Bonilla, L. M. (2014). Holistic competence approach in tourism higher education: an exploratory study in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.720248
Manaf, A., Purbasari, N., Damayanti, M., Aprilia, N., & Astuti, W. (2018). Community-based rural tourism in inter-organizational collaboration: How does it work sustainably? Lessons learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072142
Manan, M. A. (2014). Ritual tagi jere dalam komunitas etnik Kao: Peran lembaga dewan adat dan badan syara’ dan perkembangannya. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 16(1), 27–50.
Muhammad, A. (2018). Forum komunikasi antar umat beragama (FKAUB) Maluku Utara (Sebuah harapan dalam pemeliharaan hidup rukun dan damai). Al-Qalam, 12(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v12i2.561
Mulae, O. (2016). Sangaji-Jiko Makolano versi masyarakat adat Kao (Studi pada pelestarian sistem nilai budaya). Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD, 10(2), 86–96.
Mutiara, I. A. (2018). Dampak sosial industri pertambangan marmer di Desa Mangilu Kecamatan Bunguro Kabupaten Pangkep. Phinisi Integration Review, 1(1), 22–28.
Nur, A. M. (2018). Social changes and conflicts in Orang Sekaum in The North Halmahera Peace Zone. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(8), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4922
Nuraeni, Y. (2018). Dampak perkembangan industri pertambangan nikel terhadap kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat. Seminar Nasional Edusaintek (pp. 12–22). Semarang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
[ODI] Overseas Development Institute. (1991). Annual Report 1991/1992. Nottingham: The Russell Press
Oishi, M., Nishizuka, K., Motoyama, M., & Ogawa, T. (1979). Studies of DE-020 eye drops. Report 1. Intraocular penetration. Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi, 83(5), 405-409. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/474315
Paradhisa, N. Z. (2012). Konflik kepentingan daerah: Studi kasus sengketa perebutan Gunung Kelud antara Pemerintah Kabupaten Kediri dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar. Jurnal Politik, 2(1), 136–146.
Parker, I. N. (2003). Of religion and identity: A study of values, transformations, and confrontations among the Tobelo of eastern Indonesia.
Pegas, F. D. V., Coghlan, A., Stronza, A., & Rocha, V. (2013). For love or for money? Investigating the impact of an ecotourism programme on locareside's’ assigned values towards sea turtles. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(2), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2013.831099
Pertiwi, R. T. A. (2018). The content of lead, cadmium, cuprum, and zinc in anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) and white shrimps (Penaeus merguensis) in Kao Bay. Aquasains, 6(2), 678–584.
Platenkamp, J. D. M. (1990). 'The severance of the origin'; A ritual of the Tobelo of North Halmahera. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 146(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003228
Platenkamp, J. D. M. (1993). Tobelo, Moro, Ternate: The cosmological valorization of historical events. Cakalele, 4(1), 61–90.
Prasetyo, E., & Suwandono, D. (2014). Konsep desa wisata hutan mangrove di Desa Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak. Ruang: Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 2(4), 361–370.
Regel, H., Matheosz, J. N., & Deeng, D. (2019). Upacara adat panen “Padi baru/bira Mahihawu” masyarakat Suku Modole di Desa Bailengit Kecamatan Kao Barat Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. HOLISTIK, Journal of Social and Culture, 12(4), 1–14.
Régnier, P., Neri, B., Scuteri, S., & Miniati, S. (2008). From emergency relief to livelihood recovery: Lessons learned from post-tsunami experiences in Indonesia and India. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 17(3), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810887329
Retnowati, E. (2014). Bahasa dan budaya etnik Kao di era globalisasi: Tinjauan filsafat manusia. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 20(3), 406. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v20i3.153
Risal, S., Paranoan, D., & Djaja, S. (2017). Analisis dampak kebijakan pertambangan terhadap kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakat di Kelurahan Makroman. Jurnal Administrative Reform (JAR), 1(3), 516–530. https://doi.org/10.30872/JAR.V1I3.482
Rist, L., Feintrenie, L., & Levang, P. (2010). The livelihood impacts of oil palm: Smallholders in Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(4), 1009–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9815-z
Rozi, S. (2006). Merentas jalan panjang perdamaian: Negara & masyarakat dalam resolusi konflik. Jurnal Penelitain Politik, 3(1), 77–89.
Rubawati, E. (2018). Berita online sebagai instrumen dakwah: Antara profetik dan provokatif. Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.47
Safi, J. (2017). Konflik komunal: Maluku 19992000. ISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615
Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: A bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 880–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.756493
Samman, A., Lumban Batu, D., & Setyobudiandi, I. (2014). Konsentrasi merkuri dan hubungannya dengan indeks kepadatan keong popaco (Telescopium telescopium) di Kao Teluk, Halmahera Utara. DEPIK, 3(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.3.2.1471
Saputra, S. E., & Setiawan, A. (2014). Potensi ekowisata hutan mangrove di Desa Merak Belantung Kecamatan Kalianda Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 2(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl2249-60
Sasana, H. (2016). Dampak implementasi desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan stabilitas harga di provinsi di Indonesia. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 30(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v30i1.230
Simbolon, D., Maxwel, S., & Wulandari, S. Y. (2010). Kandungan merkuri dan sianida pada ikan yang tertangkap dari Teluk Kao, Halmahera Utara. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 15(3), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.15.3.126-134
Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual capital for rural livelihood and sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.25.2.115
Snyder, K. A., & Sulle, E. B. (2011). Tourism in Maasai communities: A chance to improve livelihoods? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(8), 935–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.579617
Solesbury, W. (2003). Sustainable livelihoods: A case study of the evolution of DFID policy. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/172.pdf
Stern, E., Stame, N., Mayne, J., Forss, K., Davies, R., & Befani, B. (2012). DFID Working Paper 38. Broadening the range of designs and methods for impact evaluations. London: DFID
Stronza, A. L. (2011). Commons management and ecotourism: Ethnographic evicende from the Amazon. International Journal of the Commons, 5(2), 319–339. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26523075
Sukwika, T., Yusuf, D. N., & Suwandhi, I. (2020). The institutional of local community and stratification of land ownership in surrounding community forests in Bogor. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.59
Sulaksono, A. (2015). Pengaruh investasi dan tenaga kerja terhadap PDB sektor pertambangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Bisnis, 20(1), 16–24.
Sulistiowati, R. (2014). Implementasi desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah pada daerah otonomi baru (DOB). Sosiohumaniora, 16(3), 270. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v16i3.5767
Syahra, R. (2003). Modal sosial: Konsep dan aplikasi. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 5(1), 1–22. Retrieved from http://www.jurnalmasyarakatdanbudaya.com/index.php/jmb/article/view/256
White, B. N. F. (1991). In the shadow of agriculture: Economic diversification and agrarian change in Java, 1900-1990. ISS working Papers-General Series 18817. The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Wijayanti, R., Baiquni, M., & Harini, R. (2016). Strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan masyarakat berbasis aset di Sub DAS Pusur, DAS Bengawan Solo. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 4(2), 133. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.4.2.133-152
Wijayanti, T. (2009). Konservasi hutan mangrove sebagai wisata pendidikan. Envirotek: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan, 1(1), 15–25.
Wijayanto, D., Nuriasih, D. M., & Huda, M. N. (2013). Strategies of mangrove tourism development in Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area. Jurnal Saintek Perikanan, 8(2), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.8.2.25-32
Yudhistira, Hidayat, W. K., & Hidayarto, A. (2011). Kajian dampak kerusakan lingkungan akibat kegiatan Gunung Merapi. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 9(2), 76–84.
Ancok, D. (2003). Modal sosial dan kualitas masyarakat. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 15(8), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.20885/psikologika.vol8.iss15.art1
Arnegger, J., Woltering, M., & Job, H. (2010). Toward a product-based typology for nature-based tourism: A conceptual framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), 915–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.485680
Ashley, C., & Carney, D. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods: Lessons from early experience. London: Department for International Development.
Astuti, E. W., Hidayat, A., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2020). Community forest scheme: Measuring impact in livelihood Case Study Lombok Tengah Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.52
Aziz, M. (2014). The model of traditional gold mining and its environmental management in The Paningkaban Village, Gumelar District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. Dinamika Rekayasa, 10, 20–28.
Ballantyne, M., & Pickering, C. (2012). Ecotourism as a threatening process for wild orchids. Journal of Ecotourism, 11(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2011.628398
Banerjee, A. (2012). Is wildlife tourism benefiting Indian protected areas? A survey. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.599367
Brata, I. B. (2016). Kearifan budaya lokal perekat identitas bangsa. Jurnal Bakti Saraswati, 5(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9614-4
Bubala, E., Pesoth, F. W., & Kiyai, B. (2015). Implementasi corporate social responsibility (CSR) PT. Nusa Halmahera Minerals dalam pemberdayaan pendidikan di Kecamatan Kao Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 4(32), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Chambers, R., & Conway, G. R. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper 296.
Din, M. A. . (2019). Transformasi hibualamo dalam pembangunan keagamaan di Maluku Utara, perspektif komunikasi antaragama. Al-Tadabbur: Kajian Sosial, Peradaban dan Agama, 5(1), 1–13.
Duan, J. E. (2019). Gikiri Moi: Konsep tuhan orang Tobelo dan pengaruhnya terhadap pemahaman iman Kristen. Hibualamo, 3(2), 45–50.
Duncan, C. R. (2001). Savage imagery: (Mis)representations of the forest tobelo of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 2(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210110001706035
Edward. (2019). Pengamatan kadar logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan tembaga (Cu) pada daging ikan di Teluk Kao, Halmahera. Junral Pro-Life, 6(2), 122–135.
Eilenberg, M., & Wadley, R. L. (2009). Borderland livelihood strategies: Thsocioeconomicic significance of ethnicity in cross-border labour migration, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 50(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2009.01381.x
Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
Fahrian, H. H., Putro, S. P., & Muhammad, F. (2015). Potensi ekowisata di kawasan mangrove, Desa Mororejo, Kabupaten Kendal. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 7(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v7i2.3953
Fauzi, A., & Oxtavianus, A. (2014). Pengukuran pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v30i1.445
Haboddin, M. (2012). Menguatnya politik identitas di ranah lokal. Journal of Government and Politics, 3(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2012.0007
Hakim, I. (2014). Dampak kebijakan pertambangan batubara bagi masyarakat Bengkuring Kelurahan Sempaja Selatan Kecamatan Samarinda Utara. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2(2), 1731–1741. Retrieved from http://perpustakaan.unmul.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/um/article/view/158
Handoko, W. (2017). Ekspansi kekuasaan Islam Kesultanan Ternate di Pesisir Timur Halmahera Utara. Kapata Arkeologi, 13(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v13i1.396
Handoko, W., & Mujabuddawat, M. A. (2017). Situs Kampung Tua Kao: Identitas asal usul dan jejak peradaban Islam di wilayah pedalaman Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v2i2.653
Handoko, W., Mujabuddawat, M. Al, & Whittaker, J. (2018). Islamicization strategies in Kao Ancient Village, North Halmahera. Kapata Arkeologi, 14(1), 49–62.
Haribawa, P. A., Avenzora, R., & Arief, H. (2020). The polarization of orientation on cultural land utilization for ecotourism development amongst the local in Bali Aga of Mount Lesung Region. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.21
Humaedi, M. A. (2014). Kegagalan akulturasi budaya dan isu agama dalam konflik Lampung. Analisa, 21(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v21i02.11
Husen, A. (2016). Perairan Teluk Kao Halmahera Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis dan Prikanan (Agrikan UMMU-Ternate), 9(1), 9–15. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net
Irawan, A. A. (2013). Dampak ekonomi dan sosial aktivitas tambang batubara PT. Tanito Harum bagi Masyarakatdi Kelurahan Loa Tebu Kecamatan Tenggarong. EJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 1(1), 45–56. Retrieved from http://perpustakaan.unmul.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/um/article/view/33/25
Kim, S., & Ellis, A. (2015). Noodle production and consumption: From agriculture to food tourism in Japan. Tourism Geographies, 17(1), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.978812
Kotalaha, Y., & Sasongko, G. (2018). Kearifan lokal “Makiriwo” dalam perspektif sustainable livelihood (Studi kasus petani kelapa Desa Apulea, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara). Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 6(3), 256–262.
Kustiana, A. F., Harafah, L. O. M., & Millia, H. (2016). Kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar pertambangan nikel di Kecamatan Bohodopi Kabupaten Morowali. Jurnal Ekonomi, 1(1), 135–145.
Kusumastuti, A. (2015). Modal sosial dan mekanisme adaptasi masyarakat pedesaan dalam pengelolaan dan pembangunan infrastruktur. MASYARAKAT: Jurnal Sosiologi, 20(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.7454/mjs.v20i1.4740
Leinbach, T. R., & Watkins, J. F. (1998). Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: Transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Economic Geography, 74(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/144343
López-Bonilla, J. M., & López-Bonilla, L. M. (2012). Environmental orientation in tourism: The RTEO scale. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(6), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.657615
López-Bonilla, J. M., & López-Bonilla, L. M. (2014). Holistic competence approach in tourism higher education: an exploratory study in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.720248
Manaf, A., Purbasari, N., Damayanti, M., Aprilia, N., & Astuti, W. (2018). Community-based rural tourism in inter-organizational collaboration: How does it work sustainably? Lessons learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072142
Manan, M. A. (2014). Ritual tagi jere dalam komunitas etnik Kao: Peran lembaga dewan adat dan badan syara’ dan perkembangannya. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 16(1), 27–50.
Muhammad, A. (2018). Forum komunikasi antar umat beragama (FKAUB) Maluku Utara (Sebuah harapan dalam pemeliharaan hidup rukun dan damai). Al-Qalam, 12(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.31969/alq.v12i2.561
Mulae, O. (2016). Sangaji-Jiko Makolano versi masyarakat adat Kao (Studi pada pelestarian sistem nilai budaya). Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD, 10(2), 86–96.
Mutiara, I. A. (2018). Dampak sosial industri pertambangan marmer di Desa Mangilu Kecamatan Bunguro Kabupaten Pangkep. Phinisi Integration Review, 1(1), 22–28.
Nur, A. M. (2018). Social changes and conflicts in Orang Sekaum in The North Halmahera Peace Zone. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(8), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4922
Nuraeni, Y. (2018). Dampak perkembangan industri pertambangan nikel terhadap kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat. Seminar Nasional Edusaintek (pp. 12–22). Semarang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
[ODI] Overseas Development Institute. (1991). Annual Report 1991/1992. Nottingham: The Russell Press
Oishi, M., Nishizuka, K., Motoyama, M., & Ogawa, T. (1979). Studies of DE-020 eye drops. Report 1. Intraocular penetration. Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi, 83(5), 405-409. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/474315
Paradhisa, N. Z. (2012). Konflik kepentingan daerah: Studi kasus sengketa perebutan Gunung Kelud antara Pemerintah Kabupaten Kediri dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar. Jurnal Politik, 2(1), 136–146.
Parker, I. N. (2003). Of religion and identity: A study of values, transformations, and confrontations among the Tobelo of eastern Indonesia.
Pegas, F. D. V., Coghlan, A., Stronza, A., & Rocha, V. (2013). For love or for money? Investigating the impact of an ecotourism programme on locareside's’ assigned values towards sea turtles. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(2), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2013.831099
Pertiwi, R. T. A. (2018). The content of lead, cadmium, cuprum, and zinc in anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) and white shrimps (Penaeus merguensis) in Kao Bay. Aquasains, 6(2), 678–584.
Platenkamp, J. D. M. (1990). 'The severance of the origin'; A ritual of the Tobelo of North Halmahera. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 146(1), 74–92. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003228
Platenkamp, J. D. M. (1993). Tobelo, Moro, Ternate: The cosmological valorization of historical events. Cakalele, 4(1), 61–90.
Prasetyo, E., & Suwandono, D. (2014). Konsep desa wisata hutan mangrove di Desa Bedono, Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak. Ruang: Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 2(4), 361–370.
Regel, H., Matheosz, J. N., & Deeng, D. (2019). Upacara adat panen “Padi baru/bira Mahihawu” masyarakat Suku Modole di Desa Bailengit Kecamatan Kao Barat Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. HOLISTIK, Journal of Social and Culture, 12(4), 1–14.
Régnier, P., Neri, B., Scuteri, S., & Miniati, S. (2008). From emergency relief to livelihood recovery: Lessons learned from post-tsunami experiences in Indonesia and India. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 17(3), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560810887329
Retnowati, E. (2014). Bahasa dan budaya etnik Kao di era globalisasi: Tinjauan filsafat manusia. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 20(3), 406. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v20i3.153
Risal, S., Paranoan, D., & Djaja, S. (2017). Analisis dampak kebijakan pertambangan terhadap kehidupan sosial ekonomi masyarakat di Kelurahan Makroman. Jurnal Administrative Reform (JAR), 1(3), 516–530. https://doi.org/10.30872/JAR.V1I3.482
Rist, L., Feintrenie, L., & Levang, P. (2010). The livelihood impacts of oil palm: Smallholders in Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(4), 1009–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9815-z
Rozi, S. (2006). Merentas jalan panjang perdamaian: Negara & masyarakat dalam resolusi konflik. Jurnal Penelitain Politik, 3(1), 77–89.
Rubawati, E. (2018). Berita online sebagai instrumen dakwah: Antara profetik dan provokatif. Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam, 10(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.47
Safi, J. (2017). Konflik komunal: Maluku 19992000. ISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615
Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: A bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 880–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.756493
Samman, A., Lumban Batu, D., & Setyobudiandi, I. (2014). Konsentrasi merkuri dan hubungannya dengan indeks kepadatan keong popaco (Telescopium telescopium) di Kao Teluk, Halmahera Utara. DEPIK, 3(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.3.2.1471
Saputra, S. E., & Setiawan, A. (2014). Potensi ekowisata hutan mangrove di Desa Merak Belantung Kecamatan Kalianda Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 2(2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl2249-60
Sasana, H. (2016). Dampak implementasi desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan stabilitas harga di provinsi di Indonesia. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 30(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v30i1.230
Simbolon, D., Maxwel, S., & Wulandari, S. Y. (2010). Kandungan merkuri dan sianida pada ikan yang tertangkap dari Teluk Kao, Halmahera Utara. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 15(3), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.15.3.126-134
Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual capital for rural livelihood and sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.25.2.115
Snyder, K. A., & Sulle, E. B. (2011). Tourism in Maasai communities: A chance to improve livelihoods? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(8), 935–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.579617
Solesbury, W. (2003). Sustainable livelihoods: A case study of the evolution of DFID policy. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/172.pdf
Stern, E., Stame, N., Mayne, J., Forss, K., Davies, R., & Befani, B. (2012). DFID Working Paper 38. Broadening the range of designs and methods for impact evaluations. London: DFID
Stronza, A. L. (2011). Commons management and ecotourism: Ethnographic evicende from the Amazon. International Journal of the Commons, 5(2), 319–339. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26523075
Sukwika, T., Yusuf, D. N., & Suwandhi, I. (2020). The institutional of local community and stratification of land ownership in surrounding community forests in Bogor. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.59
Sulaksono, A. (2015). Pengaruh investasi dan tenaga kerja terhadap PDB sektor pertambangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Bisnis, 20(1), 16–24.
Sulistiowati, R. (2014). Implementasi desentralisasi dan otonomi daerah pada daerah otonomi baru (DOB). Sosiohumaniora, 16(3), 270. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v16i3.5767
Syahra, R. (2003). Modal sosial: Konsep dan aplikasi. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 5(1), 1–22. Retrieved from http://www.jurnalmasyarakatdanbudaya.com/index.php/jmb/article/view/256
White, B. N. F. (1991). In the shadow of agriculture: Economic diversification and agrarian change in Java, 1900-1990. ISS working Papers-General Series 18817. The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Wijayanti, R., Baiquni, M., & Harini, R. (2016). Strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan masyarakat berbasis aset di Sub DAS Pusur, DAS Bengawan Solo. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 4(2), 133. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.4.2.133-152
Wijayanti, T. (2009). Konservasi hutan mangrove sebagai wisata pendidikan. Envirotek: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan, 1(1), 15–25.
Wijayanto, D., Nuriasih, D. M., & Huda, M. N. (2013). Strategies of mangrove tourism development in Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area. Jurnal Saintek Perikanan, 8(2), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.8.2.25-32
Yudhistira, Hidayat, W. K., & Hidayarto, A. (2011). Kajian dampak kerusakan lingkungan akibat kegiatan Gunung Merapi. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 9(2), 76–84.
Authors
SinggalenY. A. (2020). Mangrove Forest Utilization for Sustainable Livelihood through Community-Based Ecotourism in Kao Village of North Halmahera District. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(2), 155. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.2.155
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.Article Details
