Ecotourism Policy Research Trends in Indonesia, Japan, and Australia
Abstract
Numerous definitions and concepts regarding ecotourism lead to different implementations in ecotourism policies and systems. Identifying trends between countries provide valuable information for the development of inadequate ecotourism sites. This study aimed to understand the trends in ecotourism policies in Japan, Indonesia, and Australia by examining the bibliographic records of existing ecotourism policy research. These records were retrieved from the Scopus database and processed by using the scientometrics analysis. The results show the significant research trends of ecotourism policy in each country based on the co-occurrence of keywords were "conservation" for Indonesia, "biodiversity" for Japan, and "management" for Australia. Whereas, based on the research field, it revealed a similar priority within ecotourism policy between Australia and Japan in Social Science, while Indonesia in Environmental Science. The pattern of the keyword network analysis results in an anomaly in Indonesia compared to Japan and Australia, which clarifies the overlapping problem in ecotourism policy in Indonesia. It also visualized the shifting trends of research in some timeline intervals and notifies their relation to the emerging of ecotourism policy. This research also included the usefulness of the research results for future study and the recommendation for the ecotourism policy, especially for Indonesia.
References
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Fukamachi, K. (2017). Sustainability of terraced paddy fields in traditional satoyama landscapes of Japan. Journal of Environmental Management, 202, 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.061
Grant, J. (1995). The national ecotourism programme: Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 20(1), 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1995.11014735
Guo, D., Chen, H., Long, R., Lu, H., & Long, Q. (2017). A co-word analysis of organizational constraints for maintaining sustainability. Sustainability, 9(10), 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101928
Harahab, N., Riniwati, H., & Abidin, Z. (2018). The vulnerability analysis of mangrove forest status as a tourism area. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24(2), 968–975.
Higuchi, Y., & Yamanaka, Y. (2019). The potential value of research-based evidence in destination management: The case of Kamikawa, Japan. Tourism Review, 74(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2017-0188
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Indah, P. N., Radianto, I., Abidin, Z., Amir, I. T., & Pribadi, D. U. (2018). Management mangrove experiences form coastal people. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 953(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012241
Loulanskia, T., & Loulanski, V. (2011). The sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism: A meta-study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.553286
Martinez, S., Delgado, M. del M., Martinez Marin, R., & Alvarez, S. (2019). Science mapping on the environmental footprint: A scientometric analysis-based review. Ecological Indicators, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105543
Maruyama, N. U., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2016). Comparing levels of resident empowerment among two culturally diverse resident populations in Oizumi, Gunma, Japan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(10), 1442–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1122015
Meilani, R., & Muntasib, E. K. H. (2013). The role of ministry of internal affairs in ecotourism development in Indonesia. Media Konservasi, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.29243/medkon.18.3.
Miller, K. J., Mundy, C. N., & Chadderton, W. L. (2004). Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.597
Min, K., Yoon, M., & Furuya, K. (2019). A comparison of a smart city's trends in urban planning before and after 2016 through keyword network analysis. Sustainability, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113155
Ministry of Home Affairs Indonesia. (2009). The guidelines for regional ecotourism development. Jakarta: Republic of Indonesia.
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., …, & Kurnianto, S. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1089–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734
Mustika, P. L. K., Welters, R., Ryan, G. E., D'Lima, C., Sorongon-Yap, P., Jutapruet, S., & Peter, C. (2017). A rapid assessment of wildlife tourism risk posed to cetaceans in Asia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(8), 1138–1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1257012
Nasution, R. H., Avenzora, R., & Sunarminto, T. (2018). The analysis of ecotourism laws and policies in Indonesia. Media Konservasi, 23(1), 9–17.
Neuts, B., Romão, J., Nijkamp, P., & Shikida, A. (2016). Market segmentation and their potential economic impacts in an ecotourism destination: An applied modelling study on Hokkaido, Japan. Tourism Economics, 22(4), 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616654252
Orams, M. B. (1996). A conceptual model of tourist-wildlife interaction: The case for education as a management strategy. Australian Geographer, 27(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049189608703156
Orams, M. B., & Hill, G. J. E. (1998). Controlling the ecotourist in a wild dolphin feeding program: Is education the answer? Journal of Environmental Education, 29(3), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958969809599116
Prasetya, J. D., Maharani, Y. N., & Rahatmawati, I. (2018). Mangrove ecotourism management at local community in Jangkaran, Kulonprogo, using hierarchy analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 212(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/212/1/012006
Prasetyo, J. B., Muhammad, F., & Sugianto, D. N. (2018). An overview of encouraging sustainable tourism in the coastal tourism of Karang Jahe Beach: Issues and challenges. E3S Web of Conferences, 73. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302015
Romão, J., Guerreiro, J., & Rodrigues, P. M. M. (2017). Territory and sustainable tourism development: A space-time analysis on european regions. Region, 4(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18335/region.v4i3.142
Romão, João, Neuts, B., Nijkamp, P., & Shikida, A. (2014). Determinants of trip choice, satisfaction and loyalty in an ecotourism destination: A modelling study on the Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan. Ecological Economics, 107, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.019
Roziqin, A. (2018). Environmental Policy of Mangroves Management in Rembang Regency. E3S Web of Conferences, 31. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109002
Sadan, E. (1997). Empowerment and community planning. Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing, 350. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=intitle:Empowerment+and+Community+Planning#7
Sasana, H., Nurcahyanto, H., & Novitaningtyas, I. (2019). The development strategy of world heritage tourism in Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(5).
Schianetz, K., Jones, T., Kavanagh, L., Walker, P. A., Lockington, D., & Wood, D. (2009). The practicalities of a learning tourism destination: A case study of the Ningaloo Coast. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.729
Sri Budhi, M. K., & Lestari, N. P. N. E. (2016). Community based ecotourism development in Jatiluwih Village Bali. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 14(3), 1864–1880.
[TIES] The International Ecotourism Society. (2016). What is ecotourism? Retrieved from https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism
Turton, S. M. (2005). Managing environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in rainforests of the wet tropics of Queensland World Heritage area. Geographical Research, 43(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00309.x
Wardani, M. P., Fahrudin, A., & Yulianda, F. (2017). Analysis of successful strategy to develop sustainable marine ecotourism in Gili Bawean Island, Gresik, East Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 89(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/89/1/012036
Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism: Impacts, potentials and possibilites. Elsevier Ltd (2nd ed). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
Yamamura, T. (2003). Indigenous society and immigrants: Tourism and retailing in Lijiang, China, a world heritage city. Tourism, 51(2), 215–234.
Ariefianda, R., Hidayat, J. W., & Maryono, E. (2019). Assessment of tourism suitability in natural tourism object of Lengkuas Island, Sijuk District, Belitung Regency, Bangka Belitung Province. E3S Web of Conferences, 125. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912501011
Arkwright, D., & Kaomaneng, I. S. (2018). Mangrove ecotourism development on Kakaralamo Island North Halmahera: Community perception, participation and development strategies. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 175(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012232
Aryasa, A. M., Bambang, A. N., & Muhammad, F. (2017). The study of environmental carrying capacity for sustainable tourism in Telaga Warna Telaga Pengilon Nature Park, Dieng Plateu, Central Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012003
Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred ecology: Traditional knowledge and resource management. Environmental Ethics, 22(4), 419–421. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics20002247
Boley, B. B., & McGehee, N. G. (2014). Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS). Tourism Management, 45, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.003
Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas: The state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. Gland: IUCN https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.1996.7.en
Chen, B., Coggins, C., Minor, J., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Fengshui forests and village landscapes in China: Geographic extent, socioecological significance, and conservation prospects. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 31, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.011
Chen, C. (2006). CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(3), 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20317
Chen, C. (2012). Predictive effects of structural variation on citation counts. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21694
Chen, C. (2018). Visualizing and exploring scientific literature with CiteSpace. CHIIR '18: Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction & Retrieval (pp.369–370. https://doi.org/10.1145/3176349.3176897
Chen, C., Dubin, R., & Kim, M. C. (2014). Orphan drugs and rare diseases: A scientometric review (2000-2014). Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2(7), 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1517/21678707.2014.920251
Chen, C., Hu, Z., Liu, S., & Tseng, H. (2012). Emerging trends in regenerative medicine: A scientometric analysis in CiteSpace. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 12(5), 593–608. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.674507
Chen, C., McCain, K., White, H., & Lin, X. (2005). Mapping scientometrics (1981-2001). Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 39(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.1450390103
Chen, C., & Morris, S. (2003). Visualizing evolving networks: Minimum spanning trees versus Pathfinder networks. Proceedings-IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, INFO VIS, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFVIS.2003.1249010
Chen, H., Feng, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Yang, X. (2019). Bibliometric analysis of theme evolution and future research trends of the type a personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 150, 109507. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2019.109507
Chin, C. L. M., Moore, S. A., Wallington, T. J., & Dowling, R. K. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: Visitors' perspectives on environmental impacts and their management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667347
de Toledo, R. F., Miranda Junior, H. L., Farias Filho, J. R., & Costa, H. G. (2019). A scientometric review of global research on sustainability and project management dataset. Data in Brief, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104312
Fennell, D. A. (2015). Ecotourism (4th ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Fennell, D. A., & Downling, R. K. (2003). Ecotourism policy and planning. London: CAB International.
Feti, F., & Hadi Sudharto, P. (2018). The problem and its impacts of mangrove rehabilitation in Karangsong. E3S Web of Conferences, 73. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304016
Fukamachi, K. (2017). Sustainability of terraced paddy fields in traditional satoyama landscapes of Japan. Journal of Environmental Management, 202, 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.061
Grant, J. (1995). The national ecotourism programme: Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 20(1), 56–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1995.11014735
Guo, D., Chen, H., Long, R., Lu, H., & Long, Q. (2017). A co-word analysis of organizational constraints for maintaining sustainability. Sustainability, 9(10), 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101928
Harahab, N., Riniwati, H., & Abidin, Z. (2018). The vulnerability analysis of mangrove forest status as a tourism area. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 24(2), 968–975.
Higuchi, Y., & Yamanaka, Y. (2019). The potential value of research-based evidence in destination management: The case of Kamikawa, Japan. Tourism Review, 74(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2017-0188
Hossard, L., & Chopin, P. (2019). Modelling agricultural changes and impacts at landscape scale: A bibliometric review. Environmental Modelling and Software, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104513
Idajati, H., & Widiyahwati, M. (2018). The sustainable management priority of ecotourism mangrove Wonorejo, Surabaya-Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 202(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/202/1/012048
Indah, P. N., Radianto, I., Abidin, Z., Amir, I. T., & Pribadi, D. U. (2018). Management mangrove experiences form coastal people. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 953(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012241
Loulanskia, T., & Loulanski, V. (2011). The sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism: A meta-study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 837–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.553286
Martinez, S., Delgado, M. del M., Martinez Marin, R., & Alvarez, S. (2019). Science mapping on the environmental footprint: A scientometric analysis-based review. Ecological Indicators, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105543
Maruyama, N. U., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2016). Comparing levels of resident empowerment among two culturally diverse resident populations in Oizumi, Gunma, Japan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(10), 1442–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1122015
Meilani, R., & Muntasib, E. K. H. (2013). The role of ministry of internal affairs in ecotourism development in Indonesia. Media Konservasi, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.29243/medkon.18.3.
Miller, K. J., Mundy, C. N., & Chadderton, W. L. (2004). Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.597
Min, K., Yoon, M., & Furuya, K. (2019). A comparison of a smart city's trends in urban planning before and after 2016 through keyword network analysis. Sustainability, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113155
Ministry of Home Affairs Indonesia. (2009). The guidelines for regional ecotourism development. Jakarta: Republic of Indonesia.
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., …, & Kurnianto, S. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1089–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734
Mustika, P. L. K., Welters, R., Ryan, G. E., D'Lima, C., Sorongon-Yap, P., Jutapruet, S., & Peter, C. (2017). A rapid assessment of wildlife tourism risk posed to cetaceans in Asia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(8), 1138–1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1257012
Nasution, R. H., Avenzora, R., & Sunarminto, T. (2018). The analysis of ecotourism laws and policies in Indonesia. Media Konservasi, 23(1), 9–17.
Neuts, B., Romão, J., Nijkamp, P., & Shikida, A. (2016). Market segmentation and their potential economic impacts in an ecotourism destination: An applied modelling study on Hokkaido, Japan. Tourism Economics, 22(4), 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616654252
Orams, M. B. (1996). A conceptual model of tourist-wildlife interaction: The case for education as a management strategy. Australian Geographer, 27(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049189608703156
Orams, M. B., & Hill, G. J. E. (1998). Controlling the ecotourist in a wild dolphin feeding program: Is education the answer? Journal of Environmental Education, 29(3), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958969809599116
Prasetya, J. D., Maharani, Y. N., & Rahatmawati, I. (2018). Mangrove ecotourism management at local community in Jangkaran, Kulonprogo, using hierarchy analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 212(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/212/1/012006
Prasetyo, J. B., Muhammad, F., & Sugianto, D. N. (2018). An overview of encouraging sustainable tourism in the coastal tourism of Karang Jahe Beach: Issues and challenges. E3S Web of Conferences, 73. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302015
Romão, J., Guerreiro, J., & Rodrigues, P. M. M. (2017). Territory and sustainable tourism development: A space-time analysis on european regions. Region, 4(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18335/region.v4i3.142
Romão, João, Neuts, B., Nijkamp, P., & Shikida, A. (2014). Determinants of trip choice, satisfaction and loyalty in an ecotourism destination: A modelling study on the Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan. Ecological Economics, 107, 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.019
Roziqin, A. (2018). Environmental Policy of Mangroves Management in Rembang Regency. E3S Web of Conferences, 31. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109002
Sadan, E. (1997). Empowerment and community planning. Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing, 350. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=intitle:Empowerment+and+Community+Planning#7
Sasana, H., Nurcahyanto, H., & Novitaningtyas, I. (2019). The development strategy of world heritage tourism in Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(5).
Schianetz, K., Jones, T., Kavanagh, L., Walker, P. A., Lockington, D., & Wood, D. (2009). The practicalities of a learning tourism destination: A case study of the Ningaloo Coast. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.729
Sri Budhi, M. K., & Lestari, N. P. N. E. (2016). Community based ecotourism development in Jatiluwih Village Bali. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 14(3), 1864–1880.
[TIES] The International Ecotourism Society. (2016). What is ecotourism? Retrieved from https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism
Turton, S. M. (2005). Managing environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in rainforests of the wet tropics of Queensland World Heritage area. Geographical Research, 43(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00309.x
Wardani, M. P., Fahrudin, A., & Yulianda, F. (2017). Analysis of successful strategy to develop sustainable marine ecotourism in Gili Bawean Island, Gresik, East Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 89(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/89/1/012036
Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism: Impacts, potentials and possibilites. Elsevier Ltd (2nd ed). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
Yamamura, T. (2003). Indigenous society and immigrants: Tourism and retailing in Lijiang, China, a world heritage city. Tourism, 51(2), 215–234.
Authors
SisrianyS., & FuruyaK. (2020). Ecotourism Policy Research Trends in Indonesia, Japan, and Australia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.2.178
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