Institutional Impacts on Choice of Traditional Agroforestry-Based Rural Community Livelihood Strategies in Maluku (Utilization of “Dusung” and Nutmeg in Booi Village, Maluku)
Abstract
The ability of rural communities responding to vulnerabilities highly depends on local and institutional adaptations. The institutional adaptation is formed based on habits rooted in the community’s local knowledge and life experience. Utilization of traditional agroforestry on rural land is unique for each individual, resulting different livelihood strategies to deal with vulnerability. This study aims to understand institutional impacts on the choice of rural livelihood strategies through traditional agroforestry using an institutional approach (traditions, customs, and rules) and a livelihood framework. This research was conducted in Booi Village, Maluku, from October 2016 to September 2018. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and document studies. Interviews were conducted to key informants such as Raja (head) of Booi Village, farmers (landowners), community members who did not own land, and village governments. The results showed that the community had a variety of choices for livelihood strategies, including intensification, extensification, diversification, and “holding” nutmeg seeds. The presence of institutional impact was also proven to have a significant effect on the livelihoods of the Booi community, for example, in the form of access for the community who did not have assets (informal insurance).
References
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Niemeijer, D., & Mazzucato, V. (2003). Moving beyond indigenous soil taxonomies: Local theories of soils for sustainable development. Geoderma, 111(3–4), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00274-4
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nugrohowardhani, R. L. K. R. (2016). Sabana Sumba: Kelembagaan dan pembangunan ekonomi [dissertation]. Salatiga: Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.
Oktalina, S. N., Awang, S. A., Suryanto, P., & Hartono, S (2015). Strategi petani hutan rakyat dan kontribusinya terhadap penghidupan di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Kawistara, 5(3), 221–328. Retrieved from https://dev.jurnal.ugm.ac.id/kawistara/article/download/10058/7566
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Reubens, B., Moeremans, C., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., Tewoldeberhan, S., Franzel, S., & Muys, B. (2011). Tree species selection for land rehabilitation in Ethiopia: From fragmented knowledge to an integrated multi-criteria decision approach. Agroforestry Systems, 82, 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9381-8
Rusinamhodzi, L., Corbeels, M., Nyamagara, J., & Giller, K. E. (2012). Maize-grain legume intertreeping is an attractive option for ecological intensification that reduces climatic risk for smallholder farmers in central Mozambique. Field Crop Research, 136, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014
Rutherford, M. (2001). Institutional economics: Then and now. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.3.173
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Walelign, S. Z. (2016). Livelihood strategies, environmental dependency and rural poverty: The case of two villages in rural Mozambique. Environment Development and Sustainability, 18(2), 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9658-6
Wattimena, G. A. (2003). Agroforesti di Maluku. Prosiding PERMANA, 1(1), 213224. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unpatti.ac.id/ppr_paperinfo_lnk.php?id=278
Weaver, R. D., McMurphy, S. M., & Habibov, N. N. (2013). Analyzing the impact of bonding and bridging social capital on economic well-being: Results from Canada’s general social survey. Sociological Spectrum, 33, 566–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2013.836149
Wollenberg, E., Belcher, B., Sheil, D., Dewi, S., & Moeliono, M. (2004). Why are forest areas relevant to reducing poverty in Indonesia? Governance Brief. Bogor: CIFOR. Retrived from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep01828
Woolcock, M. (2000). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(1), 151–208. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/657866
Wulandari, P. S. (2017). Strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan masyarakat petani berbasis aset (Kasus di Dusun Sumberawan, Toyomarto, Kecamatan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang) [thesis]. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Yizengaw, Y. S., Okoyo, E. N., & Beyene, F. (2015). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(19), 1998–2013. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9192
Young, M. D., & Solbrig, O. T. (1992). Savanna management for ecological sustainability, economic profit and social equity. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/247486?index=1
Zomer, R. J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R., & Place, F. (2009). Trees on farm: Analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper No. 89. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Center. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281748825_Trees_on_farm_analysis_of_global_extent_and_geographical_patterns_of_agroforestry
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Journal of Ecological Applications, 10(5), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2
Booi Village Government. (2018). Statistics of Booi Village.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistika Maluku Tengah. (2018). Kabupaten Maluku Tengah dalam angka 2018.
Brunelle, T., Dumas, P., Aoun, W. B., & Gabrielle, B. (2018). Unravelling land-use change mechanisms at global and regional scales. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41247-018-0047-2
Budiono, R., Nugroho, B., Hardjanto, & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2018). The village forest as a counter teritorialization by village communiities in Kampar Peninsula Riau. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 24(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.24.3.115
Caillois, J. M. (2004). Social capital and local economic development: For an application to French rural spaces. Journal of Regional and Urban Economics, 4(4), 551–578.
Chariri, A. (2009). Landasan filsafat dan metode penelitian kualitatif. Semarang: Laboratorium Pengembangan Akuntansi (LPA), Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Diponegoro.
Contreras, H. A., & Fay, C. (2005). Strengthening forest management in Indonesia through land tenure reform: Issues and framework for action. Forest Trends. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/561471468197386518/Strengthening-forest-management-in-Indonesia-through-land-tenure-reform-issues-and-framework-for-action
Creswell, J. W. (2010). Research design: Pendekatan kualitatif, kuantitatif dan mixed. Yogjakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar.
Dias, L. C. P., Pimenta, F. M., Santos, A. B., Costa, M. H., & Ladle, R. J. (2016). Patterns of land use, extensification, and intensification of Brazilian agriculture. Global Change Biology, 22(8), 2887–2903. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13314
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hale, I. L., Wollheim, W. M., Smith, R. G., Asbjornsen, H., Brito, A. F., Broders, K., …, & Rowe, R. (2014). A scale-explicit framework for conceptualizing the environmental impacts of agricultural land use changes. Journal in Sustainability, 6(12), 8432–8451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6128432
Jose, S. (2009). Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview. Agroforestry Systems, 76, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7
Khatiwada, S. P., Deng, W., Paudel, B., Khatiwada, J. R., Zhang, J., & Su, Y. (2017). Household livelihood strategies and implication for poverty reduction in rural areas of Central Nepal. Sustainability, 9(4), 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040612
Kherallah, M., & Kirsten, J. F. (2001). The new institutional economics: Application for agricultural policy research in developing countries. Journal Agrekon, 41(2), 110–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2002.9523589
[KPDT] Kementerian Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal. (2017). Peraturan Direktorat Jenderal Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal Nomor 126 Tahun 2017 tentang Penetapan prioritas sasaran pembangunan, pembangunan daerah tertinggal, dan transmigrasi. Jakarta: Kementerian Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal.
Lambin, E. F., Geist, H. J., & Lepers, E. (2003). Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annual Review Environment Resources, 28(1), 205–241. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459
Martin, E., Suharjito, D., Darusman, D., Sunito, S., & Winarno, B. (2016). Etika subsistensi petani kopi: Memahami dinamika pengembangan agroforestri di dataran tinggi Sumatera Selatan. Jurnal Sodality IPB Bogor, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v4i1.14410
Mehta, L., Leach, M., Newell, P., Scoones, I., Sivaramakrishnan, K., & Way, S. A. (1999). Exploring understandings of institutions and uncertainty: New directions in natural resource management. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/13858
Miettinen, J., Shi, C. & Liew, S. C. (2011). Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology, 17, 2261–2270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02398.x
Muttaqin, M. Z. (2013). Pengelolaan lahan dan hutan di Indonesia: Akses masyarakat lokal ke sumberdaya hutan dan pengaruhnya pada pembayaran jasa lingkungan. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perubahan Iklim dan Kebijakan, Kementerian Kehutanan.
Napitu, J, P., Hidayat, A., & Basuni, S., & Sjaf, S. (2017). Conflict of utilization and sustainable production forest management in forest management unit of meranti in South Sumatera. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 23(3), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.23.3.158
Nee, V. (2005). The new institutionalism in economics and sociology. In Smelser, S., Swedberg, R., eds., The Handbook of Economic Sociology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Niemeijer, D., & Mazzucato, V. (2003). Moving beyond indigenous soil taxonomies: Local theories of soils for sustainable development. Geoderma, 111(3–4), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00274-4
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nugrohowardhani, R. L. K. R. (2016). Sabana Sumba: Kelembagaan dan pembangunan ekonomi [dissertation]. Salatiga: Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.
Oktalina, S. N., Awang, S. A., Suryanto, P., & Hartono, S (2015). Strategi petani hutan rakyat dan kontribusinya terhadap penghidupan di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Kawistara, 5(3), 221–328. Retrieved from https://dev.jurnal.ugm.ac.id/kawistara/article/download/10058/7566
Paavola, J., & Adger, W. N. (2006). Fair adaptation to climate change. Ecological Economics, 56, 594–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.015
Peng, W., Zheng, H., Robinson, B. E., Li, C, & Wang, F. (2016). Household livelihood strategy choices, impact factors, and environmental consequences in Miyun Reservoir Watershed, China. Sustainability, 9(2), 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020175
Reubens, B., Moeremans, C., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., Tewoldeberhan, S., Franzel, S., & Muys, B. (2011). Tree species selection for land rehabilitation in Ethiopia: From fragmented knowledge to an integrated multi-criteria decision approach. Agroforestry Systems, 82, 303–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9381-8
Rusinamhodzi, L., Corbeels, M., Nyamagara, J., & Giller, K. E. (2012). Maize-grain legume intertreeping is an attractive option for ecological intensification that reduces climatic risk for smallholder farmers in central Mozambique. Field Crop Research, 136, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014
Rutherford, M. (2001). Institutional economics: Then and now. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.3.173
Saha, B., & Bahal, R. (2016). Livelihood diversification pursued by farmers in West Bengal. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 10(2). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a568/7e421df27705f4701f7aa591f41fcb046006.pdf
Salampessy, M. L., Bone, I., & Febryano, I. G. (2012). Performasi dusung pala sebagai salah satu agroforestri tradisional di Maluku. Tengkawan: Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 2(2), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.26418/jt.v2i2.1941
Scoones, I. (2001). Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for analysis. Institute of Development Studies Working Paper 72, Bringhton: IDS. Retrieved from http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3390/Wp72.pdf?sequence=1
Walelign, S. Z. (2016). Livelihood strategies, environmental dependency and rural poverty: The case of two villages in rural Mozambique. Environment Development and Sustainability, 18(2), 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9658-6
Wattimena, G. A. (2003). Agroforesti di Maluku. Prosiding PERMANA, 1(1), 213224. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unpatti.ac.id/ppr_paperinfo_lnk.php?id=278
Weaver, R. D., McMurphy, S. M., & Habibov, N. N. (2013). Analyzing the impact of bonding and bridging social capital on economic well-being: Results from Canada’s general social survey. Sociological Spectrum, 33, 566–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2013.836149
Wollenberg, E., Belcher, B., Sheil, D., Dewi, S., & Moeliono, M. (2004). Why are forest areas relevant to reducing poverty in Indonesia? Governance Brief. Bogor: CIFOR. Retrived from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep01828
Woolcock, M. (2000). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(1), 151–208. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/657866
Wulandari, P. S. (2017). Strategi penghidupan berkelanjutan masyarakat petani berbasis aset (Kasus di Dusun Sumberawan, Toyomarto, Kecamatan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang) [thesis]. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Yizengaw, Y. S., Okoyo, E. N., & Beyene, F. (2015). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(19), 1998–2013. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9192
Young, M. D., & Solbrig, O. T. (1992). Savanna management for ecological sustainability, economic profit and social equity. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/247486?index=1
Zomer, R. J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R., & Place, F. (2009). Trees on farm: Analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper No. 89. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Center. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281748825_Trees_on_farm_analysis_of_global_extent_and_geographical_patterns_of_agroforestry
Authors
HahuryH. D., PrabawaT. S., WilosoP. G., SoumokilT., & NdoenM. L. (2020). Institutional Impacts on Choice of Traditional Agroforestry-Based Rural Community Livelihood Strategies in Maluku: (Utilization of “Dusung” and Nutmeg in Booi Village, Maluku). Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.2.189
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