The Institutional of Local Community and Stratification of Land Ownership in Surrounding Community Forests in Bogor
Abstract
Management of forest resources cannot be separated from the character attributes of the community. In the arena of community forest action, access to forest resources, which is a people's livelihood, is an important element. The study aimed to analyze the performance of the local community attributes towards community welfare and examine the stratification of community land ownership. This research was carried out in the qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the analysis showed that 41.56% of the community forest farming groups classified as land-owners. Based on the strata of land ownership showed that 70% in the third strata, which was land-ownership of less than 0.5 ha. This study concluded that the institutional of local community was relatively low because not effective in regulating community behavior. These indicated by the low performance achieved on the welfare of the community, the low ownership of the area of arable land, and the level of welfare of the local community falls into the category of poor and low community education.
References
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Charnley, S., & Poe, M. R. (2007). Community Forestry in Theory and Practice: Where are we now? Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 301–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123143
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Cronkleton, P., Stone-Jovicich, S., Schmink, M., Taylor, P.L., & Barry, D. (2008). Environmental Governance and the Emergence of Forest-Based Social Movements. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 49. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.
Dev, O. P., Yadav, N. P., Springate-Baginski, O., & Soussan, J. (2003). Impacts of community forestry on livelihoods in the middle hills of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 3(1), 6477.
Di Gregorio, M., Hagedorn, K., Kirk, M., Korf, B., N. McCarthy, N., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2008). Property rights, collective action, and poverty: The role of institutions for poverty reduction. CAPRi Working Paper No. 81. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Ewers, R. M. (2006). Interaction effects between economic development and forest cover determine deforestation rates. Global Environmental Change, 16(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.12.001
Fikir, D., Tadesse, W., & Gure, A. (2016). Economic contribution to local livelihoods and households dependency on dry land forest products in Hammer District, Southeastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2016, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5474680
Fisher, M. R., Moeliono, M., Mulyana, A., Yuliani, L., Adriadi, A., Kamaluddin, …, & Sahide, M. A. K. (2018). Assessing the new social forestry project in Indonesia: Recognition, livelihood and conservation? International Forestry Review, 20(3), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554818824063014
Gill, N., Klepeis, P., & Chisholm, L. (2010). Stewardship among lifestyle oriented rural landowners. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(3), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640561003612890
Glasmeier, A. K., & Farrigan, T. (2005). Understanding community forestry: A qualitative meta-study of the concept, the process, and its potential for poverty alleviation in the United States case. The Geographical Journal, 171(1), 56–69.
Herawati, T. (2010). Spatial analysis of erosion hazard level in the Cisadane watershed area of Bogor Regency. Journal of Forest and Nature Conservative Research, 7(4), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2010.7.4.413-424
Hidayat, H. (2008). Politik lingkungan: Pengelolaan hutan masa orde baru dan reformasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Jorgenson, A. K., & Burns, T. J. (2007). Effects of rural and urban population dynamics and national development on deforestation in less‐developed countries, 1990–2000. Sociological Inquiry, 77(3), 460–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2007.00200.x
Kahn, J. R. (2005). The economic approach to environmental and natural resources. Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.
Khususiyah, N., Buana, Y., & Suyanto. (2010). Community forestry: Efforts to improve welfare and equitable distribution of farmers' income around the forest. Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Kusmana, C., & Sukwika, T. (2018). Coastal community preference on the utilization of mangrove ecosystem and channelbar in Indramayu, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 11(3), 905–918.
L'Roe, A. W., & Rissman, A. R. (2017). Changes in Wisconsin's large private forests, 1999–2015: Land ownership, conservation, and recreational access. Society & Natural Resources, 30(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2016.1180729
Maladi, Y. (2013). Critical legal study of capitalist-oriented forest conversion. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 13(1), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2013.13.1.160
Mardikanto, T. (1996). Penyuluhan pembangunan kehutanan. Surakarta: Departemen Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian UNS.
Maryudi, A., Devkota, R. R., Schusser, C., Yufanyi, C., Sall, M., Aurenhammer, H., …, & Krott, M. (2012). Back to basics: Considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry. Forest Policy and Economics, 14(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.07.017
Means, K., Josayma, C., Nielsen, E., & Viriyasakultorn, V. (2002). Community based forest resource conflict management: A training package. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Mendham, E., & Curtis, A. (2010). Taking over the reins: Trends and impacts of changes in rural property ownership. Society & Natural Resources, 23(7), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920801998893
Nasendi, B. D. (2000). Deforestation and forest policies in Indonesia. In M. Palo & H. Vanhanen, World forests from deforestation to transition? (pp. 167–182). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0942-3_9
Oakerson, R. J. (1992). Analyzing the commons: A framework. In D. W. Bromley, Making the commons work. San Francisco: ICS Press.
Ofoegbu, C., Chirwa, P., Francis, J., & Babalola, F. D. (2017). Socio-economic factors influencing household dependence on forests and its implication for forest-based climate change interventions. Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, 79(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2016.1255420
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: resource control and resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Poteete, A. R., Janssen, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (2010). Working together: Collective action, the commons, and multiple methods in practice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pramono, A. A. (2009). Forest environmental services for local communities in the Ciliwung Hulu watershed. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 6(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2009.6.1.39-51
Pramono, A. A., & Aminah, A. (2010). Analisis faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keputusan rakyat untuk mengkonversi hutan rakyat di DAS Ciliwung Hulu. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 7(3), 197–208.
Putzel, L., Kelly, A. B., Cerutti, P. O., & Artati, Y. (2015). Formalization as development in land and natural resource policy. Society & Natural Resources, 28(5), 453–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1014608
Racevskis, L. A., & Lupi, F. (2006). Comparing urban and rural perceptions of and familiarity with the management of forest ecosystems. Society & Natural Resources, 19(6), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600663862
Rahman, S. A., Jacobsen, J. B., Healey, J. R., Roshetko, J. M., & Sunderland, T. (2017). Finding alternatives to swidden agriculture: Does agroforestry improve livelihood options and reduce pressure on existing forest? Agroforestry Systems, 91(1), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9912-4
Rangan, H., & Lane, M. B. (2001). Indigenous peoples and forest management: Comparative analysis of institutional approaches in Australia and India. Society & Natural Resources, 14(2), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/089419201300000544
Ratner, B. D. (2013). Building resilience in rural livelihood systems as an investment in conflict prevention. In H. Young, & L. Goldman, Livelihoods, natural resources, and post-conflict peacebuilding. London: Earthscan.
Ratner, B. D., Meinzen-Dick, R., May, C., & Haglund, E. (2013). Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: An analytical framework. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.276
Saihani, A. (2011). Factor analysis of socioeconomic on farmer's income in Sungai Durait Tengah village, Hulu Sungai Utara regency. Jurnal Ziraa'ah, 31(3), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i2
Schlager, E. & Ostrom, E. (1992). Property rights regimes and natural resources a conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375
Sinukaban, N. (2007). Soil and water conservation, key to sustainable development. In F. Agus, Soil and water conservation. Jakarta: Masyarakat Konservasi Tanah dan Air.
Siombo, M. R. (2014). The responsibility of regional governments for environmental damage and its relation to licensing authority in the forestry and mining sectors. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 14(3), 394–405. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2014.14.3.306
Siregar, H., & Sukwika, T. (2007). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja pasar tenaga kerja dan implikasi kebijakannya terhadap sektor pertanian di Kabupaten Bogor. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(3), 1–22.
Skulska, I., Colaço, M. C., Aggarwal, S., Didier, H., Monteiro, M. L., & Rego, F. C. (2019). Assessment of Portuguese community forestry using the voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure and FAO community-based forestry framework. Society & Natural Resources, 33(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019.1660934
Suharjito, D., Sundawati, L., Suyanto, S. R. U., & Utami, A. (2003). Socio-economic and cultural aspects of agroforestry (5th Ed.). Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia.
Suharti, S. (2001). Increased community participation in forest management through the development of social forestry programmes in Indonesia. In P. J. M. Hillegers, & H. H. Longh (Eds.), Proceedings of The Balance Between Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Rain Forests (pp. 233–244). Wageningen: Tropenbos.
Sukwika, T. (2018a). Actor analysis in formulating institutional models for community-forest development in Bogor Regency. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning, 2(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2018.2.2.133-150
Sukwika, T. (2018b). Peran pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi antarwilayah di Indonesia. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 6(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.6.2.115-130
Sukwika, T., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2016). Evaluating the level of sustainability of privately managed forest in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity, 17(1), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170135
Sukwika, T., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2018). Policy scenarios for managing of sustainability private-forests in Bogor Regency. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 8(2), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.8.2.207-215
Verbist, B., Putra, A.E., & Budidarsono, S. (2004). Penyebab alih guna lahan dan akibatnya terhadap fungsi daerah aliran sungai (DAS) pada lansekap agroforestri berbasis kopi di Sumatera. Jurnal Agrivita, 26(1), 29–38.
Yusuf, Y. (2004). Hukum lingkungan versus pembangunan nasional. Jurnal Respublica, 4(1), 97–109.
[BKP5K] Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan dan Kehutanan-Kabupaten Bogor. (2014). Rencana strategis tahun 2013-2018 Badan Ketahanan Pangan dan Pelaksana Penyuluhan Pertanian, Perikanan dan Kehutanan (BKP5K). Bogor: Dinas Pertanian dan Kehutanan Kabupaten Bogor.
Bohle, H.G., & Fünfgeld, H. (2007). The political ecology of violence in eastern Sri Lanka. Development and Change, 38(4), 665–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00428.x
Boon, T. E. (2000). Conceptualisation and evaluation of participation in danish state forest management. [dissertation]. Copenhagen: Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University.
Charnley, S., & Poe, M. R. (2007). Community Forestry in Theory and Practice: Where are we now? Annual Review of Anthropology, 36, 301–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123143
Chomba, S. W., Nathan, I., Minang, P. A., & Sinclair, F. (2015). Illusions of empowerment? Questioning policy and practice of community forestry in Kenya. Ecology and Society, 20(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07741-200302
Cronkleton, P., Stone-Jovicich, S., Schmink, M., Taylor, P.L., & Barry, D. (2008). Environmental Governance and the Emergence of Forest-Based Social Movements. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 49. Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.
Dev, O. P., Yadav, N. P., Springate-Baginski, O., & Soussan, J. (2003). Impacts of community forestry on livelihoods in the middle hills of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 3(1), 6477.
Di Gregorio, M., Hagedorn, K., Kirk, M., Korf, B., N. McCarthy, N., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2008). Property rights, collective action, and poverty: The role of institutions for poverty reduction. CAPRi Working Paper No. 81. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Ewers, R. M. (2006). Interaction effects between economic development and forest cover determine deforestation rates. Global Environmental Change, 16(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.12.001
Fikir, D., Tadesse, W., & Gure, A. (2016). Economic contribution to local livelihoods and households dependency on dry land forest products in Hammer District, Southeastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2016, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5474680
Fisher, M. R., Moeliono, M., Mulyana, A., Yuliani, L., Adriadi, A., Kamaluddin, …, & Sahide, M. A. K. (2018). Assessing the new social forestry project in Indonesia: Recognition, livelihood and conservation? International Forestry Review, 20(3), 346–361. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554818824063014
Gill, N., Klepeis, P., & Chisholm, L. (2010). Stewardship among lifestyle oriented rural landowners. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(3), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640561003612890
Glasmeier, A. K., & Farrigan, T. (2005). Understanding community forestry: A qualitative meta-study of the concept, the process, and its potential for poverty alleviation in the United States case. The Geographical Journal, 171(1), 56–69.
Herawati, T. (2010). Spatial analysis of erosion hazard level in the Cisadane watershed area of Bogor Regency. Journal of Forest and Nature Conservative Research, 7(4), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2010.7.4.413-424
Hidayat, H. (2008). Politik lingkungan: Pengelolaan hutan masa orde baru dan reformasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Jorgenson, A. K., & Burns, T. J. (2007). Effects of rural and urban population dynamics and national development on deforestation in less‐developed countries, 1990–2000. Sociological Inquiry, 77(3), 460–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2007.00200.x
Kahn, J. R. (2005). The economic approach to environmental and natural resources. Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.
Khususiyah, N., Buana, Y., & Suyanto. (2010). Community forestry: Efforts to improve welfare and equitable distribution of farmers' income around the forest. Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Kusmana, C., & Sukwika, T. (2018). Coastal community preference on the utilization of mangrove ecosystem and channelbar in Indramayu, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 11(3), 905–918.
L'Roe, A. W., & Rissman, A. R. (2017). Changes in Wisconsin's large private forests, 1999–2015: Land ownership, conservation, and recreational access. Society & Natural Resources, 30(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2016.1180729
Maladi, Y. (2013). Critical legal study of capitalist-oriented forest conversion. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 13(1), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2013.13.1.160
Mardikanto, T. (1996). Penyuluhan pembangunan kehutanan. Surakarta: Departemen Kehutanan dan Fakultas Pertanian UNS.
Maryudi, A., Devkota, R. R., Schusser, C., Yufanyi, C., Sall, M., Aurenhammer, H., …, & Krott, M. (2012). Back to basics: Considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry. Forest Policy and Economics, 14(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.07.017
Means, K., Josayma, C., Nielsen, E., & Viriyasakultorn, V. (2002). Community based forest resource conflict management: A training package. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Mendham, E., & Curtis, A. (2010). Taking over the reins: Trends and impacts of changes in rural property ownership. Society & Natural Resources, 23(7), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920801998893
Nasendi, B. D. (2000). Deforestation and forest policies in Indonesia. In M. Palo & H. Vanhanen, World forests from deforestation to transition? (pp. 167–182). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0942-3_9
Oakerson, R. J. (1992). Analyzing the commons: A framework. In D. W. Bromley, Making the commons work. San Francisco: ICS Press.
Ofoegbu, C., Chirwa, P., Francis, J., & Babalola, F. D. (2017). Socio-economic factors influencing household dependence on forests and its implication for forest-based climate change interventions. Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, 79(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2016.1255420
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: resource control and resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Poteete, A. R., Janssen, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (2010). Working together: Collective action, the commons, and multiple methods in practice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pramono, A. A. (2009). Forest environmental services for local communities in the Ciliwung Hulu watershed. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 6(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2009.6.1.39-51
Pramono, A. A., & Aminah, A. (2010). Analisis faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keputusan rakyat untuk mengkonversi hutan rakyat di DAS Ciliwung Hulu. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 7(3), 197–208.
Putzel, L., Kelly, A. B., Cerutti, P. O., & Artati, Y. (2015). Formalization as development in land and natural resource policy. Society & Natural Resources, 28(5), 453–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1014608
Racevskis, L. A., & Lupi, F. (2006). Comparing urban and rural perceptions of and familiarity with the management of forest ecosystems. Society & Natural Resources, 19(6), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600663862
Rahman, S. A., Jacobsen, J. B., Healey, J. R., Roshetko, J. M., & Sunderland, T. (2017). Finding alternatives to swidden agriculture: Does agroforestry improve livelihood options and reduce pressure on existing forest? Agroforestry Systems, 91(1), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9912-4
Rangan, H., & Lane, M. B. (2001). Indigenous peoples and forest management: Comparative analysis of institutional approaches in Australia and India. Society & Natural Resources, 14(2), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/089419201300000544
Ratner, B. D. (2013). Building resilience in rural livelihood systems as an investment in conflict prevention. In H. Young, & L. Goldman, Livelihoods, natural resources, and post-conflict peacebuilding. London: Earthscan.
Ratner, B. D., Meinzen-Dick, R., May, C., & Haglund, E. (2013). Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: An analytical framework. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.276
Saihani, A. (2011). Factor analysis of socioeconomic on farmer's income in Sungai Durait Tengah village, Hulu Sungai Utara regency. Jurnal Ziraa'ah, 31(3), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i2
Schlager, E. & Ostrom, E. (1992). Property rights regimes and natural resources a conceptual analysis. Land Economics, 68(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375
Sinukaban, N. (2007). Soil and water conservation, key to sustainable development. In F. Agus, Soil and water conservation. Jakarta: Masyarakat Konservasi Tanah dan Air.
Siombo, M. R. (2014). The responsibility of regional governments for environmental damage and its relation to licensing authority in the forestry and mining sectors. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 14(3), 394–405. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2014.14.3.306
Siregar, H., & Sukwika, T. (2007). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja pasar tenaga kerja dan implikasi kebijakannya terhadap sektor pertanian di Kabupaten Bogor. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(3), 1–22.
Skulska, I., Colaço, M. C., Aggarwal, S., Didier, H., Monteiro, M. L., & Rego, F. C. (2019). Assessment of Portuguese community forestry using the voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure and FAO community-based forestry framework. Society & Natural Resources, 33(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019.1660934
Suharjito, D., Sundawati, L., Suyanto, S. R. U., & Utami, A. (2003). Socio-economic and cultural aspects of agroforestry (5th Ed.). Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia.
Suharti, S. (2001). Increased community participation in forest management through the development of social forestry programmes in Indonesia. In P. J. M. Hillegers, & H. H. Longh (Eds.), Proceedings of The Balance Between Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Rain Forests (pp. 233–244). Wageningen: Tropenbos.
Sukwika, T. (2018a). Actor analysis in formulating institutional models for community-forest development in Bogor Regency. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning, 2(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2018.2.2.133-150
Sukwika, T. (2018b). Peran pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi antarwilayah di Indonesia. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 6(2), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.6.2.115-130
Sukwika, T., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2016). Evaluating the level of sustainability of privately managed forest in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity, 17(1), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170135
Sukwika, T., Darusman, D., Kusmana, C., & Nurrochmat, D. R. (2018). Policy scenarios for managing of sustainability private-forests in Bogor Regency. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 8(2), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.8.2.207-215
Verbist, B., Putra, A.E., & Budidarsono, S. (2004). Penyebab alih guna lahan dan akibatnya terhadap fungsi daerah aliran sungai (DAS) pada lansekap agroforestri berbasis kopi di Sumatera. Jurnal Agrivita, 26(1), 29–38.
Yusuf, Y. (2004). Hukum lingkungan versus pembangunan nasional. Jurnal Respublica, 4(1), 97–109.
Authors
SukwikaT., YusufD. N., & SuwandhiI. (2020). The Institutional of Local Community and Stratification of Land Ownership in Surrounding Community Forests in Bogor. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.59
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