The Actual Use of Green Spaces by Children and Parents in Malang, Indonesia
Abstract
Green spaces in developing countries often are destroyed and degraded for other land uses. As increases in urbanization and population continue in Indonesia, it will be increasingly important to discuss green spaces around children. In this study, the actual use of urban green spaces by children were understood through questionnaires for children and their parents, and the strategy for increasing opportunity to use urban green spaces were discussed in Malang, a region of progressing urbanization in Indonesia. A total of 147 questionnaires were received from the children and 145 from their parents. While there were few green spaces around schools in Malang, especially in the center of the city, fortunately children liked to play in the outside more than other studies. However, children preferred to spend their time in well-maintained or level areas, such as parks and open fields. It might be important to provide parks with enough vegetation and attractive program within their living area in order to make them use green spaces. The cooperation with companies as CSR program for developing environmental education programs might be effective.
References
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Arifin HS, Nakagoshi N. 2011. Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 7:33–43. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11355-010-0145-9.
Aziz NF, Said I. 2012. The trends and influential factors of children's use of outdoor environments: A review. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 38:204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.341.
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Bell JF, Wilson JS, Liu GC. 2008. Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35: 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008. 07.006.
Byomkesh T, Nakagoshi N, Dewan AM. 2012. Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 8:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0147-7.
Byrne J, Wolch J, Zhang J. 2009. Planning for environmental justice in an urban national park? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52:365–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560802703256.
Cherney ID, London K. 2006. Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5-to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles 54:717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9037-8.
Congalton RG. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment 37:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90048-B.
Coolen H, Meesters J. 2012. Private and public green spaces: meaningful but different settings. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 27:49–67. https://doi.org/10. 1007/ s10901-011-9246-5.
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Dadvand P, Hariri S, Abbasi B, Heshmat R, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Basagana X, Kelishadi R. 2018. Use of green spaces, self-satisfaction and social contacts in adolescents: a population-based CASPIAN-V study. Environmental Research 168:171–177. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.033.
Derr V. 2002. Children's sense of place in northern New Mexico. Journal of Environmental Psychology 22:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0252.
Elliott S, Chancellor B. 2014. From forest preschool to bush kinder: An inspirational approach to preschool provision in Australia. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 39:45–53.
Ewert A, Place G, Sibthorp J. 2005. Early-Life outdoor experiences and an individual's environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences 27:225–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01490400590930853.
Gaster, Sanford. 1991. Urban children's access to their neighborhood: Changes over three generations. Environment and Behavior 23(1):70–85. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0013916591231004.
Glackin M, Jones B. 2012. Park and learn: Improving opportunities for learning in local open spaces. School Science Review 93: 105–113.
Haaland C, Bosch CK. 2015. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14:760–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug. 2015.07.009.
Hartatik SE, Itaya A. 2016. Estimation of accessibility to green space for children in Malang Indonesia. In: Proceeding of the 6th Annual Meeting of the Chubu Forest Society; Tsu City, October 22–23, 2016. Pp 40.
Herwirawan FX, Kusmana C, Suhendang E, Widiatmaka W. 2017. Changes in land use/land cover patterns in Indonesia's border and their relation to population and poverty. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 23(2):90–101. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.23.2.90.
Hofferth SL. 2009. Changes in American children's time 1997 to 2003. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research 6:26–47. https://doi.org/10.13085/ eIJTUR.6.1.26-47.
Ioja CI, Gradinaru SR, Onose DA, Vanau GO, Tudor AC. 2014. The potential of school green areas to improve urban green connectivity and multifunctionality. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.002.
Jansson M, Sundevall E, Wales M. 2016. The role of green spaces and their management in a child-friendly urban village. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 18:228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.014.
Jim CY, Shan X. 2013. Socioeconomic effect on perception of urban green spaces in Guangzhou, China. Cities 31:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.012.06. 017.
Johnson JM, Hurley J. 2002. A future ecology of urban parks: Reconnecting nature and community in the landscape of children. Landscape Journal 21:1–2. https://doi.org/10. 3368/lj.21.1.110.
Kirmanto D, Ernawi IS, Djakapermana RD. 2012. Indonesia Green City Development Program: An Urban Reform. In: Proceedings of Congress Report, 48th ISOCARP Congress, Perm, 2012. Pp 1-13.
Korpela K, Kyttä M, Hartig T. 2002. Restorative experience, self-regulation, and children's place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology 22:387–398. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0277.
Kurniawati DE, Kusumaningrum DN, Haffsari PP. 2017 Revitalization of green open space (GOS) in Kota Malang as the government response to urban social sustainability. Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2(5):1–11.
Kweon DK, Ellis CD, Lee J, Jacobs K. 2017. The link between school environments and student academic performance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 23: 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.002.
Lin BB, Fuller RA, Bush R, Gaston KJ, Shanahan DF. 2014. Opportunity or orientation? Who uses urban parks and why? PLoS one 9 (1):e87422. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0087422.
MacEachren Z. 2013. The Canadian forest school movement. Learning Landscapes 7: 219–233.
Mbele MFB, Setiawan RP. 2015. Penyediaan ruang terbuka hijau berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen di kota Malang. JURNAL TEKNIK ITS 4(2):98–101.
McConnachie MM, Shackleton CM. 2010. Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa. Habitat International 34:244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.habitatint.2009.09.009.
McDonald CN. 2008. Children's mode choice for the school trip: the role of distance and school location in walking to school. Transportation 35:23–35. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11116-007-9135-7.
Ministry of Public Work. 2016. Strategi Peningkatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (Strategy for Increasing Green Space). http://sim.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/p2kh/knowledge/detail/strategi-peningkatan-ruang-terbuka-hijau [20 December 2018].
Nisa ARK, Mukti M, Hamzah MF, Mustakim A, Abidin Z. 2013. Butterflies' diversity in green open space of Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia. The Journal of Tropical Life Science 3(2):104–107.
Neuvonen M, Sieva¨nen T, To¨nnes S, Koskela T. 2007. Access to green areas and the frequency of visits–A case study in Helsinki. Urban Forest Urban Green 6:235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.003.
Oloumi S, Mahdavinejad M, Namvarad A. 2012. Evaluation of outdoor environment from the viewpoint of children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 35: 431– 439 AicE-Bs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.108.
Othman S, Said I. 2012. Affordances of cul-de-sac in urban neighborhoods as play spaces for middle childhood children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 38:184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03. 339.
Pemerintah Kota Malang. 2018. Geografis. https://malangkota.go.id/ [05 October 2018].
Regulation of Malang City Number 4 Year 2011 of Urban Land Use Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah) Malang City Year 2010–2030. Malang: Malang City Government.
Prakoso S. 2018. Essential qualities of children's favorite places. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 126:012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012003.
Ramdani F, Putra AP, Utomo BN. 2015. Historical urban land use transformation in virtual Geo-Library. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 4:1500–1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031500.
Refshauge AD, Stigsdotter UK, Cosco NG. 2012. Adults' motivation for bringing their children to park playgrounds. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012. 06.002.
Reyes M, Paez A, Morency C. 2014. Walking accessibility to urban parks by children: A case study of Montreal. Landscape and Urban Planning 125:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.002.
Seeland K, Dübendorfer S, Hansmann R. 2009. Making friends in Zurich's urban forests and parks: The role of public green space for social inclusion of youths from different cultures. Forest Policy and Economics 11:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2008.07.005.
Shanahan DF, Lin BB, Gaston KJ, Bush R, Fuller RA. 2016. Socio-economic inequalities in access to nature on public and private lands: A case study from Brisbane, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 130:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.06.005.
Shanahan DF, Cox DTC, Fuller RA, Hancock S, Lin BB, Anderson K, Bush R, Gaston KJ. 2017. Variation in experiences of nature across gradients of tree cover in compact and sprawling cities. Landscape and Urban Planning 157:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land urbplan.2016.07.004.
Singer DG, Singer, JL, D'Agostino H. DeLong Raeka. 2009. Children's pastimes and play in sixteen nations, is free time declining? American Journal of Play, Winter 1(3):283–312.
Soga M, Gaston KJ. 2016. Extinction of experience: The loss of human-nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ fee.1225.
Soga M, Gaston KJ, Yamaura Y, Kurisu K, Hanaki K. 2016. Both direct and vicarious experiences of nature affect children's willingness to conserve biodiversity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13:529 https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph13060529.
Soga M, Yamanoi T, Tsuchiya K, Koyanagi TF, Kanai T. 2018. What are the drivers of and barriers to children's direct experiences of nature? Landscape and Urban Planning 180:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land urbplan.2018.08.015.
Story M, Congalton RG. 1983. Accuracy assessment: A user's perspective. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 52:397–399.
Sunaryo DK. 2015. Studi Hubungan Ruang Terbuka Hijau, Temperatur Lingkungan Perkotaan dan Kebutuhan Konsumsi Oksigen Dengan Sistem
Informasi Geografis. In: Prosiding SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNOLOGI (SENATEK) 2015 Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang, Malang, 17 January 2015.
Tandy CA. 1999. Children's diminishing play space: A study of interg-enerational change in children's use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies 37:154–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00076.
Turner WR, Nakamura T, Dinetti M. 2004. Global urbanization and the separation of humans from nature. Bioscience 54:585–590. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0585:GUATSO]2.0.CO;2.
United Nations. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ [20 May 2016].
World Bank. 2016. Urban Population. http://data.worldbank.org/ [25 October 2016].
Wu DD, McNeely E, Cedeño-Laurent JG, Pan WC, Adamkiewicz G, Dominici F, Lung SC, Su HJ, Spengler JD. 2014. Linking student performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the ''Greenness'' of school surroundings using remote sensing. PLoS ONE 9: e108548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108548.
Zhang W, Goodale E, Chen J. 2014. How contact with nature affects children's biophilia, biophobia and conservation attitude in China. Biological Conservation 177: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.011.
Almanza E, Jerrett M, Dunton G, Seto E, Pentz MA. 2012. A study of community design, greenness, and physical activity in children using satellite, GPS and accelerometer data. Health & place 18:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. healthplace.2011.09.003.
Andriono F, Hanafi I, Yanuwiadi B, Soemarno. 2013. Green open space scenarios in reducing CO2 emissions in Malang City, Indonesia: A dynamic system approach. IOSR Journal of Engineering 3(6):01–13. https://doi.org/ 10.9790/3021-03640113.
Arifin HS, Nakagoshi N. 2011. Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 7:33–43. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11355-010-0145-9.
Aziz NF, Said I. 2012. The trends and influential factors of children's use of outdoor environments: A review. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 38:204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.341.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Malang. 2015. Kota Malang Dalam Angka (Malang City in Figures) 2015. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Malang. ISSN: 0215-5974. https://malangkota.bps.go.id/ [accessed on 5th October 2018].
Barton J, Pretty J. 2010. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 44:3947–3955. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r.
Bell JF, Wilson JS, Liu GC. 2008. Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35: 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008. 07.006.
Byomkesh T, Nakagoshi N, Dewan AM. 2012. Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 8:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0147-7.
Byrne J, Wolch J, Zhang J. 2009. Planning for environmental justice in an urban national park? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52:365–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560802703256.
Cherney ID, London K. 2006. Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5-to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles 54:717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9037-8.
Congalton RG. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment 37:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90048-B.
Coolen H, Meesters J. 2012. Private and public green spaces: meaningful but different settings. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 27:49–67. https://doi.org/10. 1007/ s10901-011-9246-5.
Cunningham, Chris. & Barlow, Monica. & Jones, Margaret. & Lismore (N.S.W.). Council. & University of New England. Department of Geography and Planning. & Australian Play Alliance. 1996. Town planning and children: a case study of Lismore, New South Wales, Australia. Armidale, N.S.W: Dept. of Geography and planning, University of New England.
Dadvand P, Hariri S, Abbasi B, Heshmat R, Qorbani M, Motlagh ME, Basagana X, Kelishadi R. 2018. Use of green spaces, self-satisfaction and social contacts in adolescents: a population-based CASPIAN-V study. Environmental Research 168:171–177. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.033.
Derr V. 2002. Children's sense of place in northern New Mexico. Journal of Environmental Psychology 22:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0252.
Elliott S, Chancellor B. 2014. From forest preschool to bush kinder: An inspirational approach to preschool provision in Australia. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 39:45–53.
Ewert A, Place G, Sibthorp J. 2005. Early-Life outdoor experiences and an individual's environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences 27:225–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01490400590930853.
Gaster, Sanford. 1991. Urban children's access to their neighborhood: Changes over three generations. Environment and Behavior 23(1):70–85. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0013916591231004.
Glackin M, Jones B. 2012. Park and learn: Improving opportunities for learning in local open spaces. School Science Review 93: 105–113.
Haaland C, Bosch CK. 2015. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14:760–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug. 2015.07.009.
Hartatik SE, Itaya A. 2016. Estimation of accessibility to green space for children in Malang Indonesia. In: Proceeding of the 6th Annual Meeting of the Chubu Forest Society; Tsu City, October 22–23, 2016. Pp 40.
Herwirawan FX, Kusmana C, Suhendang E, Widiatmaka W. 2017. Changes in land use/land cover patterns in Indonesia's border and their relation to population and poverty. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 23(2):90–101. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.23.2.90.
Hofferth SL. 2009. Changes in American children's time 1997 to 2003. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research 6:26–47. https://doi.org/10.13085/ eIJTUR.6.1.26-47.
Ioja CI, Gradinaru SR, Onose DA, Vanau GO, Tudor AC. 2014. The potential of school green areas to improve urban green connectivity and multifunctionality. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.002.
Jansson M, Sundevall E, Wales M. 2016. The role of green spaces and their management in a child-friendly urban village. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 18:228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.014.
Jim CY, Shan X. 2013. Socioeconomic effect on perception of urban green spaces in Guangzhou, China. Cities 31:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.012.06. 017.
Johnson JM, Hurley J. 2002. A future ecology of urban parks: Reconnecting nature and community in the landscape of children. Landscape Journal 21:1–2. https://doi.org/10. 3368/lj.21.1.110.
Kirmanto D, Ernawi IS, Djakapermana RD. 2012. Indonesia Green City Development Program: An Urban Reform. In: Proceedings of Congress Report, 48th ISOCARP Congress, Perm, 2012. Pp 1-13.
Korpela K, Kyttä M, Hartig T. 2002. Restorative experience, self-regulation, and children's place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology 22:387–398. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0277.
Kurniawati DE, Kusumaningrum DN, Haffsari PP. 2017 Revitalization of green open space (GOS) in Kota Malang as the government response to urban social sustainability. Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2(5):1–11.
Kweon DK, Ellis CD, Lee J, Jacobs K. 2017. The link between school environments and student academic performance. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 23: 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.002.
Lin BB, Fuller RA, Bush R, Gaston KJ, Shanahan DF. 2014. Opportunity or orientation? Who uses urban parks and why? PLoS one 9 (1):e87422. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0087422.
MacEachren Z. 2013. The Canadian forest school movement. Learning Landscapes 7: 219–233.
Mbele MFB, Setiawan RP. 2015. Penyediaan ruang terbuka hijau berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen di kota Malang. JURNAL TEKNIK ITS 4(2):98–101.
McConnachie MM, Shackleton CM. 2010. Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa. Habitat International 34:244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.habitatint.2009.09.009.
McDonald CN. 2008. Children's mode choice for the school trip: the role of distance and school location in walking to school. Transportation 35:23–35. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11116-007-9135-7.
Ministry of Public Work. 2016. Strategi Peningkatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (Strategy for Increasing Green Space). http://sim.ciptakarya.pu.go.id/p2kh/knowledge/detail/strategi-peningkatan-ruang-terbuka-hijau [20 December 2018].
Nisa ARK, Mukti M, Hamzah MF, Mustakim A, Abidin Z. 2013. Butterflies' diversity in green open space of Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia. The Journal of Tropical Life Science 3(2):104–107.
Neuvonen M, Sieva¨nen T, To¨nnes S, Koskela T. 2007. Access to green areas and the frequency of visits–A case study in Helsinki. Urban Forest Urban Green 6:235–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.003.
Oloumi S, Mahdavinejad M, Namvarad A. 2012. Evaluation of outdoor environment from the viewpoint of children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 35: 431– 439 AicE-Bs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.108.
Othman S, Said I. 2012. Affordances of cul-de-sac in urban neighborhoods as play spaces for middle childhood children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 38:184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03. 339.
Pemerintah Kota Malang. 2018. Geografis. https://malangkota.go.id/ [05 October 2018].
Regulation of Malang City Number 4 Year 2011 of Urban Land Use Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah) Malang City Year 2010–2030. Malang: Malang City Government.
Prakoso S. 2018. Essential qualities of children's favorite places. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 126:012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012003.
Ramdani F, Putra AP, Utomo BN. 2015. Historical urban land use transformation in virtual Geo-Library. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 4:1500–1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031500.
Refshauge AD, Stigsdotter UK, Cosco NG. 2012. Adults' motivation for bringing their children to park playgrounds. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012. 06.002.
Reyes M, Paez A, Morency C. 2014. Walking accessibility to urban parks by children: A case study of Montreal. Landscape and Urban Planning 125:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.002.
Seeland K, Dübendorfer S, Hansmann R. 2009. Making friends in Zurich's urban forests and parks: The role of public green space for social inclusion of youths from different cultures. Forest Policy and Economics 11:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2008.07.005.
Shanahan DF, Lin BB, Gaston KJ, Bush R, Fuller RA. 2016. Socio-economic inequalities in access to nature on public and private lands: A case study from Brisbane, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 130:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.06.005.
Shanahan DF, Cox DTC, Fuller RA, Hancock S, Lin BB, Anderson K, Bush R, Gaston KJ. 2017. Variation in experiences of nature across gradients of tree cover in compact and sprawling cities. Landscape and Urban Planning 157:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land urbplan.2016.07.004.
Singer DG, Singer, JL, D'Agostino H. DeLong Raeka. 2009. Children's pastimes and play in sixteen nations, is free time declining? American Journal of Play, Winter 1(3):283–312.
Soga M, Gaston KJ. 2016. Extinction of experience: The loss of human-nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ fee.1225.
Soga M, Gaston KJ, Yamaura Y, Kurisu K, Hanaki K. 2016. Both direct and vicarious experiences of nature affect children's willingness to conserve biodiversity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13:529 https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph13060529.
Soga M, Yamanoi T, Tsuchiya K, Koyanagi TF, Kanai T. 2018. What are the drivers of and barriers to children's direct experiences of nature? Landscape and Urban Planning 180:114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land urbplan.2018.08.015.
Story M, Congalton RG. 1983. Accuracy assessment: A user's perspective. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 52:397–399.
Sunaryo DK. 2015. Studi Hubungan Ruang Terbuka Hijau, Temperatur Lingkungan Perkotaan dan Kebutuhan Konsumsi Oksigen Dengan Sistem
Informasi Geografis. In: Prosiding SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNOLOGI (SENATEK) 2015 Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang, Malang, 17 January 2015.
Tandy CA. 1999. Children's diminishing play space: A study of interg-enerational change in children's use of their neighborhoods. Australian Geographical Studies 37:154–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00076.
Turner WR, Nakamura T, Dinetti M. 2004. Global urbanization and the separation of humans from nature. Bioscience 54:585–590. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0585:GUATSO]2.0.CO;2.
United Nations. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/ [20 May 2016].
World Bank. 2016. Urban Population. http://data.worldbank.org/ [25 October 2016].
Wu DD, McNeely E, Cedeño-Laurent JG, Pan WC, Adamkiewicz G, Dominici F, Lung SC, Su HJ, Spengler JD. 2014. Linking student performance in Massachusetts elementary schools with the ''Greenness'' of school surroundings using remote sensing. PLoS ONE 9: e108548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108548.
Zhang W, Goodale E, Chen J. 2014. How contact with nature affects children's biophilia, biophobia and conservation attitude in China. Biological Conservation 177: 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.011.
Authors
HartatikS. E., & ItayaA. (2018). The Actual Use of Green Spaces by Children and Parents in Malang, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 24(3), 144. Retrieved from https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jmht/article/view/24649
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