Telaah Hubungan Tongkonan dan Lanskap Budaya Toraja: Analisis Sistem Aktivitas dan Ekspresi Sistem Setting
Abstract
Tongkonan, as vernacular architecture, cannot be dissociated from its cultural landscape. Tongkonan and its cultural landscape form a holistic entity that constitutes Toraja culture as a whole. However, most current research focuses solely on Tongkonan’s architectural and structural aspects. There are still few studies that explore Tongkonan’s vernacular architecture in connection with its cultural landscape, including its relationship to the culture of its people and its geographical context. This research is a desk study with the aim of formulating aspects related to further examining the relationship between Tongkonan as vernacular architecture and its cultural landscape based on theory of systems of activity and systems of setting. In addition, this paper contributes to fulfilling the 11th SDGs, covering four pillars -social, economic, ecology, and cultural. The method used is qualitative-descriptive with content analysis to analyze data obtained from the literature study. The analysis is supported by empirical studies in Kete' Kesu village in North Toraja Regency. The chosen location is an ancient village with a fairly complete cultural landscape and good accessibility. The findings show that the systems of activity for Toraja people in Tongkonan and its cultural landscape include domestic, religius, ecology and socio-economic activities. The systems of setting for Tongkonan and its cultural landscape encompass Tongkonan itself, alang, grazing area, puya, rante, saroan, paddy field, forest/kombong, farm, lantang, middle yard, Tongkonan surrounding, penanian, territory/liliq, area diamben, area ma'dika, area renge direnge, bridge, villages, settlement, pasar, graveyard, parampa.
Downloads
References
Agusintadewi NK, Manik WY, Mahastuti M. 2017. Memahami Esensi Ruang Domestik pada Hunian Lokal Bali Aga di Desa Sekardadi, Kintamani. Seminar Nasional Arsitektur Dan Tata Ruang (SAMARTA): 103-8.
Alahudin M. 2012. Kenyamanan termal tongkonan. Jurnal Ilmiah Mustek Anim Ha 1(3):168–177. https://doi.org/10.30998/vh.v3i1.920
Anggraeni AS. Putri GA. 2020. Makna Upacara Adat Pemakaman Rambu Solo’di Tana Toraja. Visual Heritage: Jurnal Kreasi Seni dan Budaya 3(1): 72-81.
Arrasiansi AM, Pramukanto Q. 2023. Perencanaan Lanskap untuk Pelestarian Budaya Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi Kabupaten Sukabumi Berdasarkan Pendekatan Bioregion. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 15(1): 42-51. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v15i1.40661
Awalia RN, Nurhayati HSA, Kaswanto RL. 2018. Kajian Karakter Pembentuk Lanskap Budaya Masyarakat Adat Kajang di Sulawesi Selatan. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 9(2):91-100. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v9i2.17648.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015. Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik Website, available at: https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik-data-suku-di-indonesia.html (accessed 11 March 2023).
Bal W, Czalczynska-Podolska M. 2020. Assessing Architecture-and-landscape Integration as a Basis for Evaluating the Impact of Construction projects on the cultural landscape of tourist seaside resorts. Land 10(1):17. doi: 10.3390/land10010017.
Brown S, Goetcheus C. 2023. Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Practice, edited by Brown S and Goetcheus C, 1st ed., Vol. 1, Routledge, Oxon, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315203119
Bupati Toraja Utara SS. 2019. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Toraja Utara Nomor I Tahun 2019.
Cole FL. 1988. Content analysis: process and application. Clinical nurse specialist 2(1): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002800-198800210-00025
Department of Economic and Social Affair Sustainable Development United Nations. 2015. The 17 Goals.
Dharma PNV, Widjadja H, Besila Q. 2021. Penilaian Kualitas Visual sebagai Dasar Pengembangan Perancangan Lanskap Objek Wisata Desa Budaya Kertalangu, Bali. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 13(1): 27-32. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v13i1.33323
Effendi M, Nurhayati HSA, Arifin HS. 2024. Strategi Pengelolaan Lanskap Wisata di Perkampungan Budaya Betawi Setu Babakan Jakarta. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 16(1): 84-98. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v16i1.48700
Elo S, Kääriäinen M, Kanste O, Pölkki T, Utriainen K, Kyngäs, H. 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis. SAGE Open, SAGE Publications 4(1) 215824401452263 https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014522633
Hasibuan MSR, Nurhayati HSA, Kaswanto RL. 2017. Karakter Lanskap Budaya Rumah Larik di Kota Sungai Penuh, Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 6(2): 13-20. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v6i2.16558
Heath K. 2009. Vernacular Architecture and Regional Design: Cultural Process and Environmental Response, First, Architectural Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080939841
ICOMOS. 2002. Vernacular Architecture, edited by Petzet, M. and Ziesemer, J., Vol. 1, ICOMOS, Munchen.
Ilmi MR, Kaswanto RL, Nurhayati HSA. 2022. A Cultural-History Analysis on Malay-Islamic Heritage of Siak Sri Indrapura through the Historical Urban Landscape Approach in Pekanbaru City. JUSPI (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam) 6(1): 78-90. http://doi.org/10.30829/juspi.v6i1.12160
Imanuella SK. 2017. Mangrara Banua Merawat Memori Orang Toraja (Upacara Penahbisan Tongkonan Di Toraja, Sulawesi Selatan) Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 5(1): 22–34.
Julistiono EK, Arifin LS. 2005. “The Sustainable Traditional Structural System of ‘Tongkonan’ In Celebes, Indonesia”, The 2005 World Sustainable BuildingConference, Tokyo, pp. 2667–2674.
Kaefer F, Roper J, Sinha P. 2015. A Software-Assisted Qualitative Content Analysis of News Articles: Example and Reflections.
Mayasari M, Mayasari A, Wulandari DL. 2023. Cultural Landscape of Minangkabau Traditional Settlement in Nagari Sijunjung Traditional Settlement. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 9(1): 6-13, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20230901.12
Mochsen M, Wunas S, Parung H, Patanduk J. 2015. “Tektonika Arsitektur Tongkonan Toraja (Tinjauan Sistem Struktur, Konstruksi dan Tektonika pada Bagian Sallu Banua, Kalle Banua dan Rattiang Banuatongkonan). Seminar Teknologi Dan Rekayasa (SENTRA) 40–45.
Mulyadi Y. 2013. Menata hutan menjaga Tongkonan: alternatif upaya pelestarian Budaya Toraja. Jurnal Konservasi Cagar Budaya 7(2): 25-35.
Nabilunnuha MB, Hervanda S, Xian GE, Tjong A, Indarti FR, Nuffida NE, Ardhyanto A, Novianto D. 2022. Sustainability Principle in Nusantara Architecture: Case Study of the Tongkonan House, the Betawi Stage House, the Gadang House, and Lamin House. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1007(1): 012015. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1007/1/012015
Nasution HD, Nurhayati HSA, Munandar A. 2019. Kajian Lanskap Budaya Melayu untuk Meningkatkan Identitas Kota Medan. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 10(2):71-80. https://doi.org/10.29244/jli.v10i2.14855
Nooy-Palm H. 1979. The Sa’dan -Toraja a Study of Their Social Life and Religion, I., Vol. I, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, Leiden.
Nubatonis W. 2019. Kajian Lanskap Budaya Suku Boti Di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan-NTT, UNIVERSITAS TRIBHUWANA TUNGGADEWI, Malang.
Nur SS, Patittingi F, Anindhita AB. 2021. Protecting Tongkonan Traditional Areas in the Cultural Reserve Area in Toraja. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 870(1): 012005. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/870/1/012005
Oranratmanee R. 2018. “Vernacular Houses of the Shan in Myanmar in The South-East Asian Context”, Vernacular Architecture 49(1), doi: 10.1080/03055477.2018.1524217.
Paembonan S. 2014. Eksistensi Hutan Rakyat Tongkonan di Kabupaten Tana Toraja/Toraja Utara dan Peranannya dalam Pengamanan Catchment Area DAS Saddang. In Yusuf Y, Umar A, Gautama I, Putu Oka N, Bakri Maulany RI, Asrianny (Eds.), Reaktualisasi Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Ekosistem Daerah Aliran Sungai, Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Hasanuddin bekerja sama Komunitas Manajemen Hutan Indonesia (KOMHINDO) dan Masagena Press, Makassar, pp. 154–161.
Pătru-Stupariu I, Pascu M, Bürgi M, 2019. Exploring Tangible and Intangible Heritage and Its Resilience as a Basis to Understand the Cultural Landscapes of Saxon Communities in Southern Transylvania (Romania). Sustainability 11(11):3102.
Rapoport A. 2005. Culture, Architecture & Design, Rapoport, edited by Seidel, A.D., Locke Science Publishin Company, Inc, Chicago.
Rombe OSC, Goh HC, Ali ZM. 2022. Toraja Cultural Landscape: Tongkonan Vernacular Architecture and Toraja Coffee Culture. ETropic, James Cook University, 21(1): 99–142, https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.21.1.2022.3822
Sáez E, Canziani J. 2020. Vernacular Architecture and Cultural Landscapes in the Sondondo Valley (Peru). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, Vol. 54, doi: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-175-2020.
Said AA. 2004. Toraja Simbolisme Unsur Visual Rumah Rumah Tradisional, Vol. 1, Penerbit Ombak, Yogyakarta.
Sari KP, Munandar A, Arifin NHS. 2020. Study of Cultural Landscape Character in Gampong Lubuk Sukon, Aceh. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 501, Institute of Physics Publishing, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/501/1/012042.
Sidik A, Mulya BW. 2012. Pendekatan Analisis Data Menggunakan NVivo-software untuk Penelitian Desain Logo Museum Nasional Jakarta. Nirmana, Petra Christian University, 13(1): 1. doi: 10.9744/nirmana.13.1.1-4.
Sun Y, Ou Q. 2021. Research on the Traditional Zoning, Evolution, and Integrated Conservation of Village Cultural Landscapes Based on Production-Living-Ecology Spaces - A Case Study of Villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China. Open Geosciences, De Gruyter Open Ltd 13(1): 1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0279
The Cultural Landscape Foundation. 2001. About Cultural Landscape. https://www.tclf.org/places/about-cultural-landscapes (accessed 7 October 2023).
Utami W. 2020. Resilience of Cultural Landscape Heritage Study in Spatial Tourism Context. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 402(1):012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/402/1/012007
Utomo DW. 2001. Nilai-nilai Luhur Arsitektur Rumah Adat “Tongkonan” Toraja. WALENNAE: Jurnal Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara 4(2): 91-104.
Yuantoro S, Semarajaya CGA, Kohdrata N. 2019. Identifikasi Lanskap Vernakular di Kampung Kusamba, Klungkung, Bali. Jurnal Arsitektur Lansekap 5(1). https://doi.org/10.24843/JAL.2019.v05.i01.p06
Yudantini NM, Kastawan IW. 2018. Lansekap Budaya: Makna dan Peranan Pemakaman Hindu Bali pada Desa-desa Tradisional Bali Aga. Prosiding Seminar Peng-Konteks-an Arsitektur Nusantara.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zwasty Paskahlia Ramma, Arina Hayati, Sarah Cahyadini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal permits and encourages authors to post items submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication, while providing bibliographic details that credit, if applicable, its publication in this journal. However, after the article is submitted and published in this journal, it is fully copyrighted by the Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia or JLI. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author must obtain written permission from the copyright owner and give credit to the source in the article. Then, the writer or reader is allowed to copy, share, and redistribute articles/material in any form. But it must still include the appropriate source and credit because the article in this journal is licensed by Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
I. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
II. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
