EVOLUSI HAK KEPEMILIKAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE DI LAMPUNG MANGROVE CENTER
Abstract
RINGKASAN
Ekosistem hutan mangrove seluas 700 ha di Lampung Mangrove Center Desa Margasari Kecamatan Labuhan Maringgai Kabupaten Lampung Timur Provinsi Lampung adalah sumberdaya milik bersama (CPRs). Karakteristik sumberdaya tersebut tidak memungkinkan untuk melalukan pemagaran, memerlukan persaingan dalam mendapatkan manfaat, dan tidak dapat mengeluarkan yang tidak berhak dalam pengelolaannya. Hutan mangrove tersebut telah mengalami perubahan sumberdaya secara fisik, sosial, ekonomi, dan peran para pihak sejak tahun 1977. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjadinya evolusi hak kepemilikan dan pendekatan kebijakan dalam keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan mangrove. Data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan analisis kelembagaan (IAD) yang dikembangkan oleh Ostrom (1999). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa awal terjadinya evolusi dimulai pada tahun 1977-1990 dengan dorongan membaiknya harga udang di pasaran dunia dan kelembaman dalam organisasi pemerintah dalam pemberian ijin pembukaan udang tradisional dengan menebang hutan mangrove. Pada tahun 1991-1997 terjadi abrasi yang menenggelamkan tambak-tambak tradisonal yang telah bersertifikat. Adanya bencana abrasi mendorong ke perubahan kepemilikan berikutnya yaitu tidak ada kepemilikan (non- right ownerships). Pada tahun 1995 dan 1997 Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi bersama masyarakat melakukan rehabililitasi hutan mangrove. Adanya rehabilitasi dari pemerintah bersama masyarakat (organizational energy) tersebut mendorong suksesnya perkembangan mangrove sampai 700 ha. Lahan-lahan tambak yang pernah terabrasi muncul kembali pada tahun 1998- 2004. Kemunculan kembali lahan tambak dan meluasnya hutan mangrove ke arah lautan serta kelembaman kelembagaan pengelolaan mendorong perubahan kepemilikan pada tahun 2005-2010. Transfer kepemilikan hutan mangrove seluas 700 ha kepada Universitas Lampung dari pihak Kabupaten Lampung Timur telah mengubah hak kepemilikan selanjutnya dengan tiga macam tipe kepemilikan yaitu 1) hak untuk memasuki dan memanfaatkan; 2) hak untuk mengelola; dan 3) hak untuk mengeluarkan yang tidak berhak.
Kata kunci: CPRs, evolusi hak kepemilikan, abrasi, kelembaman, IAD
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