Gender Analysis of Family Traditions, Parent-Child Ties, and Happiness in Generation Z during Covid-19 Pandemic
Gender Analysis of Family Traditions, Parent-Child Ties, and Happiness in Generation Z during Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Generation Z has faced various transformations in life due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This study analyzes family traditions, parent-child ties, and happiness in Generation Z during the Covid-19 pandemic based on gender. This study used a quantitative approach with a non-probability voluntary sampling method involving 42 men and 130 women of generation Z who are college students and domiciled in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and PLS-SEM. The results showed that family traditions varied in the category; meanwhile, parent child-ties and happiness were moderate. There were no significant gender differences in family traditions and parent-child ties, but women reported significantly lower happiness than men during the pandemic. This is in line with the results of the PLS-SEM model, which showed that gender had a negative effect on the happiness of generation Z. PLS-SEM model showed that family traditions and parent-child ties had significant positive effects on happiness. These findings imply that in the middle of Covid-19 pandemic social restrictions, families must strengthen family traditions and optimize parent-child ties so that the happiness of generation Z can be maintained, both for men and women.
Downloads
References
Allen, B. (1982). Family traditions and personal identity. Kentucky Folklore Records, 28(1), 1–5.
Amalia, R., & Latifah, M. (2019). Parental support, academic emotion, learning strategy, and academic achievement on the first-year student. Journal of Family Sciences, 4(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.4.1.41-53
Amaliya, R. (2015). Happiness and gender: A critical review of the meaning of happiness from a gender perspective. Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi Dan Psikologi Islam, 12(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.18860/psi.v12i2.6400
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Batcho, K. I., Nave, A. M., & DaRin, M. L. (2011). A retrospective survey of childhood experiences. Journal of Happiness Study, 12(4), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9213-y.
Booth, A., Brown, S. L., Landale, N. S., Mannung, W. D., & McHale, S. M. (2012). Early Adulthood in a Family Context. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1436-0.
Bozhenko, E. (2011). Adult child-parent relationships: On the problem of classification. Procedia - Social & Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1625–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.315.
Budi, T. P. (2006). SPSS 13.0 Applied: Parametric Statistical Research. Andi Publishing.
Burns, G. W. (2014). Happiness and psychological well-being: Building human capital to benefit individuals and society. In R. Costanza & I. Kubizewski (Eds.), Creating a Sustainable and Desirable Future (pp. 263–267). World Scientific. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814546898_0035
Bucx, F., & van Wel, F. (2008). Parental bond and life course transitions from adolescence to young adulthood. Adolescence, 43(169), 71–88.
Castro, F. G., Garfinkle, J., Naranjo, D., Rollins, M., Brook, J. S., & Brook, D. W. (2007). Cultural traditions as "protective factors" among Latino children of illicit drug users. Substance Use & Misuse. 42(4), 621–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701202247.
Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Pryor, J., & Jose, P. E. (2011). Family rituals in New Zealand families: Links to family cohesion and adolescents' well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023113
Dion, K. K., & Dion, K. L. (2001). Gender and cultural adaptation in families. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 511–521.
Djumrianti, D., & Oseso-asare, A. E. (2021). Asian women's roles in family holiday: A case study of Indonesian females. Proceedings of the 4th Forum in Research, Science, and Technology. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsseh.k.210122.011
Dwidienawati, D., Tjahjana, D., Pradipto, Y. D., & Gandasari, D. (2020). The impact of mobility restriction on happiness and satisfaction in life during the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia. Psychosocial, 24(8). https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I8/PR281029
EY Megatrends. (2021). Beyond Covid-19: The Gen Z perspective. https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/megatrends/ey-megatrends-beyond-covid-19-the-gen-z-perspective.pdf?download
Fiese, B. H., Tomcho, T. J., Douglas, M., Josephs, K., Poltrock, S., & Baker, T. (2002). A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: Cause for celebration? Journal of Family Psychology, 16(4), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.4.381
Fingerman, K. L., Huo, M., & Birditt, K. S. (2020). Mothers, fathers, daughters, and sons: Gender differences in adults' intergenerational ties. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1597–1625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19894369
Friedman, S. R., & Weissbrod, C. S. (2004). Attitudes toward the continuation of family rituals among emerging adults. Sex Roles, 50(3–4), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000015558.21334.6b
Giurge, L. M., Whillans, A. V., & Yemiscigil, A. (2021). A multicountry perspective on gender differences in time use during COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(12). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018494118
Goldsmith, J. (2018). Emerging adults' relationships with their parents. Clinical Science Insights. https://www.family-institute.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/csi-emerging-adults-relationships-with-parents.pdf
Hardie, J. H., & Seltzer, J. A. (2016). Parent-child relationships at the transition to adulthood: A comparison of black, Hispanic, and white immigrant and native-born youth. Social Forces, 95(1), 321–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow033
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
Ho, H. C. Y., Mui, M., Wan, A., Yew, C., Lam, T. H., Chan, S. S., & Stewart, S. M. (2018). Family meal practices and well-being in Hong Kong: The mediating effect of family communication. Journal of Family Issues, 39(16), 3835–3856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18800787
Hurlock, E. B. (2011). Developmental psychology: An approach across the life span (5th Ed.). Erlangga.
Inglehart, R. (2002). Gender, aging, and subjective well-being. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43(3–5), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/002071520204300309
Kaczmarek, L. D. (2020). Happiness. In Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer.
Kim, K., Birditt, K. S., Zarit, S. H., & Fingerman, K. L. (2019). Typology of parent-child ties within families: Associations with psychological well-being. Journal of Family Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000595
Klepar, M. (2017). The value of family traditions in the education of the individual in modern society. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 4(1), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.4.1.173-177
Lebow, J. L. (2020). Family in the age of COVID-19. Family Process, 59(2), 309–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12543
Lin, C.-N. (2019). Generation Z's perception and vision of "happiness": An innovative practice of mental health well-being. 30th International Nursing Research Congress. https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/handle/10755/18090
Madhav, N., Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Mulembakani, P., Rubin, E., & Wolfe, N. (2017). Pandemics: Risks, impacts, and mitigation. In Disease control priorities: Improving health and reducing poverty (3th Ed). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
McCubbin, H. I., & McCubbin, M. A. (1988). Typologies of resilient families: Emerging roles of social class and ethnicity. Family Relations, 37(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.2307/584557
McCubbin, H. I., & Thompson, A. I. (1986). Family Traditions Scale (FTS). In H. I. McCubbin, A. I. Thompson, & M. A. McCubbin (Eds.), Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation inventories for research and practice (pp. 341–347). University of Wisconsin System.
McGrath, J. W. (1991). Biological impact of social disruption resulting from epidemic disease. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 84(4), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330840405
Megawangi, R. (2014). Allowing differences: A new perspective on gender relations (Revised Ed.) Indonesia Heritage Foundation.
Mendoza, M. D. C. G., Queija, I. S., & Jiménez, Á. P. (2019). The role of parents in emerging adults' psychological well-being: A person-oriented approach. Family Process, 58(4), 954–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12388
Meske, C., Sanders, G. F., Meredith, W. H., & Abbott, D. A. (1994). Perceptions of rituals and traditions among elderly persons. Activities, Adaptation, & Aging, 18(2), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J016v18n02_02.
Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia. (2020). Learning policy adjustment during the covid-19 pandemic. Retrieved from: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2020/08/kemendikbud-terbitkan-kurikulum-darurat-pada-satuan-pendidikan-dalam-kondisi-khusus
Perez, M. H. (2001). Reflections on family traditions. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 71(2), 323.
Pew Research Center. (2020). A majority of young adults in the U.S. live with their parents for the first time since the Great Depression. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/04/a-majority-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-live-with-their-parents-for-the-first-time-since-the-great-depression/
Pingali, S. (2021). Identity struggles growing up Indian American: An analysis of immigrant personal narratives. The Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Issues & Media, 3(1), 43–51.
Puspitawati, H. (2013). Introduction to family studies. IPB Press.
Puspitawati, H. (2017). Gender and family. IPB Press.
Puspitawati, H. (2020). Learning module: Introduction and application of structural equation modeling (SEM) in family sciences research. Department of Family and Consumer Sciences.
Rayan, M. D. N. (2020). The decline in the level of student happiness during the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Psikologi, 4(1), 18–26.
Schneiderman, G., & Barrera, M. (2009). Family traditions and generations. Family & Community Health, 32(4), 354–357. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181b91fe3.
Seemiller, C., & Grace, M. (2018). Generation Z: A century in the making. Routledge.
Sherman, M. H. (1990). Family narratives: Internal representations of family relationships and affective themes. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11(3), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199023)11:3<253::AID-IMHJ2280110307>3.0.CO;2-3
Shoham, H. (2011). Rethinking tradition: From ontological reality to assigned temporal meaning. Archives Europeennes de Sociologie, 52(2), 313–340. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975611000129
Statistics Indonesia. (2017). Happiness index 2017. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2017/12/05/1f99cefd596c449b93405fcd/indeks-kebahagiaan-2017.html
Statistics Indonesia. (2021). Results of the 2020 population census. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html
Swanzen, R. (2018). Facing the generation chasm: The parenting and teaching of generations Y and Z. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 9(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs92201818216
Tam, C., Lee, T., Kumarasuriar, V., & Har, W. (2012). Parental authority, parent-child relationship, and gender differences: A study of college students in the Malaysian context. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 182–189.
Tamir, M., Schwartz, S. H., Oishi, S., Kim, M.Y. (2017). The secret to happiness: Feeling good or feeling right? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146 (10), 1448–1459. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000303.
Tkach, C., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How do people pursue happiness?: Relating personality, happiness-increasing strategies, and well-being. In Journal of Happiness Studies (Vol. 7, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-4754-1
Tuason, M.T., Güss, C.D., & Boyd, L. (2021). Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PLOS ONE. 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248591
Uddin, M. (2021). Addressing work-life balance challenges of working women during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. International Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12267
van Gaalen, R. I., Dykstra, P. A., & Komter, A. E. (2010). Where is the exit? Intergenerational ambivalence and relationship quality in high contact ties. Journal of Aging Studies, 24(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2008.10.006
Veenhoven, R. (1984). Conditions of happiness. In Conditions of happiness (Issue May). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6432-7
Veenhoven, R. (2012). Happiness: Also known as "life satisfaction" and "subjective wellbeing." In Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research.
Ward, R. A., & Spitze, G. (1996). Gender differences in parent-child coresidence experiences. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(3), 718. https://doi.org/10.2307/353731
Weltzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
Wolin, S. J., & Bennett, L.A. 1984. Family rituals: A typology of family rituals. Family Process, 23(3), 401–420.
Yang, H., & Ma, J. (2020). How an epidemic outbreak impacts happiness: factors that worsen (vs. protect) emotional well-being during the coronavirus pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 289(April), 113045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113045
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Family Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
_001.png)
