Effect of solvent polarity on antioxidant activity and NMR-assisted phytochemical profiling of young Scaevola taccada fruits Pengaruh polaritas pelarut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan karakterisasi fitokimia berbasis nmr pada buah muda <i>Scaevola taccada</i>
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bioprospecting, coastal bioresources, DPPH, glycosylated metabolites, secondary metabolite
Abstract
The exploration of coastal plants as natural antioxidant sources has gained attention because of their adaptation to harsh environments and the presence of diverse bioactive metabolites in them. This study investigated the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction yield, antioxidant activity, and metabolite characteristics of young S. taccada fruits using an NMR-assisted phytochemical approach. Sequential extraction was performed using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and metabolites were characterized using one-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The extraction yield increased with solvent polarity, with ethanol providing the highest yield (1.17 ± 0.00%), followed by ethyl acetate (0.73 ± 0.00%) and n-hexane (0.23 ± 0.00%) extracts. The ethanol extract showed moderate activity (IC₅₀ = 113.99 ± 5.07 ppm), followed by ethyl acetate (181.01 ± 15.60 ppm), whereas n-hexane showed very weak activity (2,965.25 ± 1,966.56 ppm). DPPH inhibition increased with increasing concentrations, indicating a concentration-dependent response. NMR analysis of the ethanol extract revealed dominant carbohydrate-associated signals (δH 3.1-4.0 ppm; δC 64.17-73.68 ppm), along with aliphatic, unsaturated, and carbonyl signals, indicating a predominance of carbohydrate-associated and oxygenated metabolites; however, their contribution to antioxidant activity could not be directly established. Overall, solvent polarity significantly (p<0.05) influenced the extraction yield, antioxidant activity, and metabolite distribution of the extracts. Because assignments rely solely on one-dimensional NMR, metabolite identities and structure–activity relationships remain uncertain. Further studies using LC-MS/MS and two-dimensional NMR are required to confirm metabolite identities and clarify their contributions to the observed antioxidant activity.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Azwin Apriandi, F. Feliatra, Rahman Karnila, Dian Iriani, Anggrei Viona Seulalae
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