The effect of solvent concentration on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of mangrove (Rhizophora sp.) leaf extract Pengaruh konsentrasi pelarut terhadap senyawa bioaktif dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun mangrove (<i>Rhizophora</i> sp.)
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flavonoid, IC50, phenol, R. apiculata, R. mucronata
Abstract
Mangrove forests contain diverse bioactive compounds with considerable antioxidant activities. However, limited information is available on how variations in solvent concentration influence the extraction efficiency of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Rhizophora species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different methanol concentrations (70, 80, and 90%) on the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of R. mucronata and R. apiculata leaves. Leaf samples were extracted by maceration, and the resulting crude extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC₅₀). A completely randomized factorial design was applied, followed by Tukey’s test for mean separation. Increasing methanol concentration led to higher TPC and lower IC₅₀ values, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity, whereas TFC showed no significant differences across treatments. The 90% methanolic extract of R. mucronata exhibited the highest TPC (101.24±46.18 mg GAE/g) and lowest IC₅₀ (74.33±4.93 ppm). A similar trend was observed for R. apiculata, with the 90% extract exhibiting the strongest antioxidant activity (72.55±1.75 ppm). These findings demonstrate that 90% methanol is the most effective solvent concentration for extracting antioxidant compounds from Rhizophora leaves and highlight the potential of these extracts as natural antioxidant sources for future food- and health-related applications.
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References
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