Smart porous colorimetric indicators based on cellulose nanocrystals-Calotropis gigantea for non-destructive evaluation of fish freshness Indikator kolorimetri berpori berbasis nanokristal selulosa dari <i>Calotropis gigantea</i> untuk evaluasi kesegaran ikan secara non-destruktif
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anthocyanin, cellulose nanocrystals, fish freshness monitoring, intelligent packaging, porous composite
Abstract
The development of smart packaging based on colorimetric changes has emerged as an innovative approach for the real-time monitoring of fresh food quality. This study aimed to evaluate a porous colorimetric indicator based on a poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVA/PVP) composite reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals derived from Calotropis gigantea (CNCs-CG) and immobilized with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower anthocyanins, and to evaluate its potential application as an intelligent packaging system for real-time, non-destructive monitoring of fish freshness. The incorporation of CNCs-CG as a filler (0, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 g) increased the composite surface area to 0.45, 10.22, 38.66, 162.54, and 40.44 m²/g, respectively. Based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, the incorporation of 1.00 g CNCs-CG produced the highest porosity and optimal mesoporous structure and was therefore selected for the immobilization of two anthocyanin extracts (AT-1, pH 1, and AT-2, pH 6). The indicator response was evaluated against ammonia vapor and applied to Nile tilapia stored at room temperature and 5°C. The experimental data were analyzed descriptively and comparatively based on morphological characteristics, surface area, indicator color changes, and their relationships with pH and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) values. The AT-2 indicator exhibited a faster and more consistent color transition, accompanied by an increase in TVBN from 3.94 to 27.37 mg/100 g after 24 h of storage at room temperature, whereas samples stored at 5°C remained below the freshness threshold until day 14. These findings demonstrate that the AT-2 indicator effectively discriminates fish freshness levels and shows a strong correlation with pH and TVBN values, highlighting its potential application as an intelligent packaging system for the non-destructive monitoring of fish freshness.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Lia Handayani, Ratna, Amri Amin, Yuliana, Ulfia Humaira, Nasrul Arahman, MR Bilad, Sri Aprilia
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