Characterization of earthquake-resistant concrete properties incorporating barnacle’s CaCO3 nanoparticles and Bacillariophyceae’s biosilica Karakterisasi beton tahan gempa dari nanopartikel CaCO₃ teritip dan biosilika <i>Bacillariophyceae</i>
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cement substitution, compressive strength, flexural strength, marine biowaste, seismic
Abstract
The megathrust phenomenon along the southern coast of Java Island highlights the need for earthquake-resistant and sustainable construction material. Designing earthquake-resilient structures requires concrete mixtures that can dampen seismic vibrations while maintaining cost efficiency. This study aimed to determine the optimum incorporation level of barnacle-derived CaCO₃ nanoparticles and Bacillariophyceae as cement-substitution additives in earthquake-resistant concrete. The additives were incorporated at substitution levels of 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%of cement using a fixed CaCO3:biosilica ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The characterization of materials included X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and Particle Size Analysis (PSA) for CaCO3 nanoparticles, while biosilica was characterized using XRF. The concrete performance was evaluated through compressive and flexural strength using a Compression Testing Machine (CTM) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at 14 and 28 days. XRF analysis showed that barnacle shells contained 91.72% Ca, whereas biosilica contained 98.79% SiO₂. The synthesized CaCO₃ nanoparticles had an average particle size of 120.1 nm. Mechanical testing revealed that the optimal substitution level (5%) resulted in a 16% reduction in compressive strength and a 4.6% reduction in flexural strength compared to the control, achieving maximum compressive and flexural strengths of 21.26 MPa and 4.10 MPa, respectively. Substitution within the range of 5-10% provides the best balance between strength and material efficiency in earthquake-resistant concrete formulations. These findings suggest that barnacle-derived CaCO3 and Bacillariophyceae biosilica can serve as sustainable cement substitutes for eco-efficient and earthquake-resistant construction materials in coastal regions.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Resti Sabilla, Annisa Yasmine Aulia, Affandi Prayoga, Zaky Adrian, Afrido Rahmanda, Eka Herlina Fatimatuzzahro, Azka Kautsar Lustrilanang, Zaskia Rahma Andini, Zidane Aulia Rivai
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