Chemical composition profile, heavy metal content, and structure of Ulva lactuca at micro and nano scales Profil komposisi kimia, kandungan logam berat dan struktur <i>Ulva lactuca</i> pada skala mikro dan nano
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amino acid, nanopowder, SEM, TEM, Z-average value
Abstract
Ulva lactuca has high potential as a food source and bio-based industrial material. The effectiveness of its utilization varies greatly owing to its physical form and particle size. This study aimed to evaluate two particle forms of U. lactuca, namely micro and nano, based on chemical variables, heavy metal content, and particle structure in terms of functional groups, size, and morphology. The samples were milled using a Planetary Ball Mill into nanopowder. Chemical analysis included proximate composition, amino acid profile, heavy metal testing (Hg, Pb, Cd, and As), and particle structure using FTIR analysis, PSA measurements, SEM, and TEM. The ball milling process significantly affected the physicochemical characteristics and particle morphologies of the samples. The protein content increased from 4.69% to 6.47%, and the total amino acid content increased from 4.7% to 6.2%. Heavy metal concentrations remained below the limits established by the SNI 7383:2009. The Z-average value of 728.1 ± 190.9 nm with a PDI of 0.53 indicates a polydisperse system with two particle populations (30 nm and 261 nm). SEM and TEM micrographs revealed that the nanopowder surface was more porous, containing spherical particles of 20–80 nm, indicating cell wall fragmentation and degradation of the ulvan polysaccharide matrix. Transforming U. lactuca into nanopowder enhances its functional value while preserving major functional groups, making it a promising natural raw material for food, pharmaceutical, and marine biotechnology applications.
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References
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Copyright (c) 2026 Niken Dharmayanti, Ni Putu Tantri Miranti, Tatty Yuniarti, I Ketut Sumandiarsa, Muhammad Miftah Jauhar, Assyaffa Wafiqah, Ani Leilani, Aef Permadi, Resmi Rumenta Siregar, Khamhou Thongsamouth, Fera Roswita Dewi
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