Association between Physical Activity Level and Body Weight Status, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Health and Physical Activity Level in Terengganu Adults
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between Physical Activity Level (PAL) and body weight status, body composition (body fat percentage, muscle mass, total body water, visceral fat and bone mass) among adults in Terengganu. This study involved 150 participants age ranged from 19–60 years old (72 males and 78 females). PAL was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while height, weight and body composition were measured using standard measurement tools. Cardiovascular health and fitness were assessed using blood pressure, heart rate and beep test. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed for data analysis. From the analysis, there was a positive association between PAL and body fat percentage independent of other factors (p=0.003), however, there was no other association with other factors. These findings contribute to our understanding of the influence between body weight, body composition, cardiovascular health and PAL in adults. Although the future study may require a bigger sample size, the finding of this study highlights the importance of physical activity to improve overall health.
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References
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Zhang X, Cash RE, Bower JK, Focht BC, Paskett ED. 2020. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease by weight status among U.S adults. Plos One. 15(5):e023289. https://doi.org//10.1371/journal.pone.0232893
Bays HE, Taub PR, Epstein E, Michos ED, Ferraro RA, Bailey AL, Kelli HM, Ferdinand KC, Echols MR, Weintraub H et al. 2021. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Prev Cardiol 5:100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100149
Chu AH, Moy FM. 2015. Reliability and validity of the Malay international Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-M) among a Malay population in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health 27(2):NP2381−NP23899. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539512444120
Cleven L, Krell-Roesch J, Nigg CR, Woll A. 2020. The association between physical activity with incident obesity, coronary heart disease, diabetes and hypertension in adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published after 2012. BMC Public Health 20:1−15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08715-4
Csige I, Ujvárosy D, Szabó Z, Lőrincz I, Paragh G, Harangi M, Somodi S. 2018. The impact of obesity on the cardiovascular system. J Diabetes Res 2018. https://10.1155/2018/3407306
Department of Statistics Malaysia. 2021. Statistics on causes of death, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/statistics-on-causes-of-death-malaysia-2021 [Accessed 10th January 2023].
Institute for Public Health. 2020. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Non-communicable diseases, healthcare demand, and health literacy-key findings. Selangor, Malaysia. https://iptk.moh.gov.my/images/technical_report/2020/4_Infographic_Booklet_ NHMS_2019_-_English.pdf [Assessed 10th February 2023].
Jezewska-Zychowicz M, Gębski J, Plichta M, Guzek D, Kosicka-Gębska M. 2019. Diet-related factors, physical activity, and weight status in Polish adults. Nutrients 11(10):2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102532
Katzmarzyk PT, Friedenreich C, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. 2022. Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Br J Sports Med 56(2):101−106. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103640
Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Pate RR. 2021. Exercise and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Lifestyle Med 16(4):485−510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620988839
Kraus WE, Powell KE, Haskell WL, Janz KF, Campbell WW, Jakicic JM, Troiano RP, Sprow K, Torres A, Piercy KL et al. 2019. Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51(6):1270. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001939
Lin X, Li H. 2021. Obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Front Endocrinol 6(12):706978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Ministry of Health. 2018. Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Hypertension (5th ed.). Malaysia (KL): Ministry of Health. MOH/P/PAK/391.18 (GU).
Mohajan D, Haradhan KM. 2023. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a popular anthropometric tool to measure obesity among adults. JIMR 2(4):25–33.
Mohd Saat NZ, Hanawi SA, MF Farah N, Mohd Amin H, Hanafiah H, Shamsulkamar NS. 2021. Relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors: A cross-sectional study among low-income housewives in Kuala Lumpur. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(11):6090. https://doi.org/10.3880/ijerph18116090
Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. 2018. Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med 5:408204.. https://doi.org//10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135
Okin PM, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Hille DA, Dahlöf B, Edelman JM, Devereux RB. 2010. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to changing heart rate during treatment of hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 31(18):2271−2279. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq225
Perret-Guillaume C, Joly L, Benetos A. 2009. Heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 52(1):6−10. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.05.003
Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, et al. 2021. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 143(21):e984−e1010. https://doi.org/ 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973
Saat NZM, Hanawi SA, Farah NM, Mohd Amin H, Hanafiah H, Selvaraj T. 2021. Associations of physical activity, sleep quality and cardiovascular risk factors in university students. Sustainability 13(21):11806. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111806
Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B, Adriani M, Lorensia A. 2020. Effect of age and weight on physical activity. J Public Health Res 9(2):1840. https://doi.org//10.4081/jphr.2020.1840
van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I, Guthold R, Ha A, Lubans D, Oyeyemi AL, Ding D, Katzmarzyk PT. 2021. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet 398(10298):429−442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9
Westbury S, Oyebode O, Van Rens T, Barber TM. 2023. Obesity stigma: causes, consequences, and potential solutions. Curr Obes Rep 12(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2021b. Cardiovascular disease. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases\ [Accessed 26th November 2023].
[WHO] World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) country profiles. 2018. https://www.who.int/ nmh/countries/mys_en.pdf [Accessed 26th November 2023].
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2022. Physical activity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1 [Accessed 26th March 2023].
Zhang X, Cash RE, Bower JK, Focht BC, Paskett ED. 2020. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease by weight status among U.S adults. Plos One. 15(5):e023289. https://doi.org//10.1371/journal.pone.0232893
Authors
Qayyum Johari, M. H., Hamdi Dzamakhsari, M. I., Roslim, N. A., Mohd Noor, S. M., Rahim , M., & Ahmad, A. (2025). Association between Physical Activity Level and Body Weight Status, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Health and Physical Activity Level in Terengganu Adults. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 20(Supp.1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2025.20.Supp.1.63-70
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How to Cite
Qayyum Johari, M. H., Hamdi Dzamakhsari, M. I., Roslim, N. A., Mohd Noor, S. M., Rahim , M., & Ahmad, A. (2025). Association between Physical Activity Level and Body Weight Status, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Health and Physical Activity Level in Terengganu Adults. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 20(Supp.1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2025.20.Supp.1.63-70
