Evaluation of Export Position and Non-Tariff Barrier Ave for Indonesian Coffee Compared with Major Exporters
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Ad-Valorem Equivalent, competitiveness, coffee exports, export market position, non-tariff barriers
Abstract
The trend in coffee export volumes has fluctuated, indicating instability in supply chain and international market demand, resulting in Indonesia's coffee competitiveness not being optimal compared to main exporting competitors. This weakened competitiveness is due to non-tariff barriers imposed by destination countries. This study focuses on evaluating Indonesia's coffee export position with other major exporting countries and calculate the estimated Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE) of non-tariff barriers imposed by destination countries. This study aims to analyzing Indonesia’s coffee export position compared with major exporting countries and estimate the Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE) of non-tariff barriers imposed by importing countries. This study uses secondary time-series and cross-sectional data covering the period 2005–2024 obtained from UN Comtrade, ITC TradeMap, UNCTAD TRAINS, World Bank, International Coffee Organization (ICO), and other related institutions. The analysis employs Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), and AVE estimation methods. The results show that Indonesia's RCA value is above 1 but still low compared to competing countries, while EPD results show unstable export positions in various markets. AVE estimates also show that Indonesian coffee faces significant non-tariff barriers that vary between countries, with high SPS and TBT values indicating asymmetric impact on Indonesia's export competitiveness. Indonesia's coffee export competitiveness still lags major exporting countries, showed by moderate RCA values and unstable market positions. High AVE SPS and TBT values indicate that non-tariff barriers pose challenge for Indonesian coffee exporters.
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