Mechanisms of Access and Power in Strengthening the Performance of Marine Ecotourism Management Institutions
Abstract
The objective of this research is to analyze: 1) The distribution of benefits of Kampung Arborek’s toursim; 2) The access and power mechanism of the community who manages the ecotoursim in obtaining, maintaining, and controlling the resources; 3) and the performance of the power of the management institution of Kampung Arborek marine ecotoursim. The approach used in the research is the qualitataive approach. The techniques used to collect the data are through observation, documentation, interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data collection. The results of this research show that the distribution of benefits that is obtained by the community who manages the ecotourism is an increase and more stable income compared to their previous income as fishermen. The distribution of benefits that was felt by the community who manages the ecotourism is inseparable from the access and power mechanism that they own. Through the bundle of power such as technology, capital, market, workforce, knowledge, authority, social identity and social relation, are used by the ecotoursim management community to obtain and maintain access towards resources. Through this bundle of power they are also capable of strengthening the performance of the marine ecotourism institution’s managment in Kampung Arborek. Therefore, equality in access and power for the community is needed to open new oppurtunities to obtain benefits from managing the ecotourism and also reinforcement of the performance of the institution’s management.
References
Agrawal, A. 2000. Adaptive management in transboundary protected areas: The Bialowieza National Park and Biosphere Reserve as a case study. Environmental Conservation. 27 (4): 326-333.
Ahmed M, Umali GM, Chong CK, Rull MF, Garcia MC. 2007. Valuing recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs - The case of Bolinao, Philippines. j.ocecoaman. 50: 103–118.
Allen GR, Erdmann MV. 2009. Reef fishes of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia. Check List. 5:587–628.
Ballesteros ER, Brondizio E. 2013. Building Negotiated Agreement: The Emergence of Community-Based Tourism in Floreana (Galápagos Islands). Journal of Human Organization. 72: 323-335.
Bhuiyan MAH, Siwarl C, Ismaill SM. 2016. Sustainability Measurement for Ecotourism Destination in Malaysia: A Study on Lake Kenyir, Terengganu. Journal of Social Indikators Research. 128: 1029-1045
Bryant RL, Bailey S. 1997. Third World Political Ecology. Routledge: London and New York.
Bryant RL. 1998. Power, Knowledge, and Political Ecology in the third world: a Review. Journal Proggress in Pshysical Geography 22, 1 pp 79-94.
Bryson JM. 2004. What to do when stakeholders matter: stakeholders identification and analysis techniques. Public management review.Vol 6 . 2004:21-53.
Buckley R. 2004. Partnerships in ecotourism: Australian political frameworks. The International Journal of Tourism Research; Bognor Regis. 6 (2): 75-83.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistika Kabupaten Raja Ampat. 2017. Kabupaten Raja Ampat dalam Angka 2017. Diunduh pada tanggal 10 Juli 2018 [internet]. Dapat diakses di https://rajaampatkab.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/15/3a98a88fe3e4621225144553/kabupaten-raja-ampat-dalam-angka-2017.html
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistika Kabupaten Raja Ampat. 2018. Kabupaten Raja Ampat dalam Angka 2018. Diunduh pada tanggal 17 fEBUARI 2019 [internet]. Dapat diakses di https://rajaampatkab.bps.go.id/publication/2018/12/10/1b58c73f4d15f8ac3a9e2bbd/statistik-daerah-kabupaten-raja-ampat-2018
Chen JM. 2006. On research analysis and suggestions of development of community-based ecotourism. Probl For Econ. 26(6):558–561
[CII] Conservation International Indonesia. 2015. Peta Zonasi Jejaring Kawasan Konservasi Perairan di Kabupaten Raja Ampat.
Creswell JW. 2016. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (2014). Alih bahasa oleh Fawaid A, Pancasari RK . Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.
Davenport J, Davenport JL. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: a review. Journal of Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 67: 280–292.
Deutsch L, Folke C. 2003. The critical natural capital of ecosistem performance as insurance for human well-being. j.ecolecon. 44: 205–217.
Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Raja Ampat. 2017. Pendapatan Penjualan Kartu Jasa Lingkungan Tahun 2016 Kabupaten Raja Ampat.
Fahrunnisa, Soetarto E, Pandjaitan NK. 2016. Kontestasi Akses Sumber Agraria di Kawasan Hutan Dodo Jaran Pusang, Kabupaten Sumbawa NTB. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan. 4 (2): 145-151.
Folke C. 2006. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for sosial–ecological sistems analyses. j.gloenvichan. 16: 253–267.
Garrod B, Wilson JC. 2004. Nature on the Edge? Marine Ecotourism in Peripheral Coastal Areas. Journal of Susistanable Tourism. 12 (2):95-99.
Gollbatt D. 2015. Analisa Ekologi Kritis. Darmawan (editor). Yogyakarta: Resist Book
Hashim R, Latif ZA, Merican FM, Zamhury N. 2015. The Praxis of Langkawi’s Sustainable Regeneration Strategy through Eco-Tourism. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 170: 49-57.
He G, Chen X, Liu W, Bearer S, Zhou S, Cheng LY, Zhang H, Ouyang Z, Liu J. 2008. Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 42:1017-1025.
Kardos M. 2012. The reflection of good governance in sustainable development strategies. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 58: 1166-1173.
Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata. 2017. Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Pariwisata Tahun 2017. Diunduh pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2018. Dapat diakses di http://www.kemenpar.go.id/userfiles/LAKIP%202017%20250518.pdf
Kinseng RA, Nasdian FT, Fatchiya A, Mahmud A, & Stanford RJ. 2018. Marine-tourism development on a small island in Indonesia: blessing or curse?. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research.
[KKP] Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. 2018. Buka Sasi Laut Kampung Malaumkarta, Kabupaten Sorong. Dapat diunduh di https://kkp.go.id/djprl/lpsplsorong/artikel/3612-buka-sasi-laut-kampung-malaumkarta-kabupaten-sorong. Diakses pada 17 Maret 2019
[KPHL] Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Unit I Raja Ampat. 2016. Rencana Pengelolaan Hutan Jangka Panjang Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung (RPHJP KPHL) Unit I Raja Ampat Provinsi Papua Barat Tahun 2016 – 2025. Dapat diakes di http://kphl.sim-pdashl.menlhk.go.id/kphlnew/report/dok_rphjp/RPHJP%20KPHL%20Raja%20Ampat.pdf . Diunduh pada tanggal 17 Maret 2019.
McKenna SA, Allen GR, Suryadi S. 2002. A Marine Rapid Assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 22. Washington, DC: Conservation International.
Moore, Susan A, Rodger K. 2010. Wildlife Tourism as a Common Pool Resource Issue: Enabling Conditions for Sustainability Governance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 18(7):831-844.
Ostrom E. 1990. Governing The Commons. New York (GB): Cambridge Univ Pr.
Ostrom, 2000. Collective action and evolution of social norms. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 14 (3): 137-158.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Raja Ampat. 2018. Potensi Pariwisata Raja Ampat. Diunduh pada tanggal 14 Juni 2018. Dapat diakses di http://www.rajaampatkab.go.id
Pongantung NV. 2018. Perubahan Sosial Budaya dan Ekonomi Masyarakat Kampung Arborek Kabupaten Raja Ampat Setelah Menjadi Kawasan Wisata. Agri SosioEkonomi Unstrat. 14(1): 109-116.
Reed M, Graves A, Dandy N, Posthumus H, Hubacek K, Morris J, Prell C, Quinn CH, Stringer LC. 2009. Who’s and Why? A Typology of Stakeholder Analysis Methods for Natural Resource Management. Journal of Enviromental Management. 30:1-17.
Ribot JC, Peluso NL. 2003. A Theory of Access. Rural Sociology. 68(2): 153-181.
Rudyanto, Rumetna L, Setyawan D, Prabowo NA. 2015. Dokumentasi Proses dan Pembelajaran Pembentukan KKPD Raja Ampat dan Pembentukan BLUD UPTD KKPD Raja Ampat. The Nature Conservancy.
Saleh A. 2016. Concept of Village Regrouping as an Alternative Strategy for Sustainable Micro Regional Development. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 216: 922 – 937.
Satria A. 2009. Pesisir dan laut untuk rakyat. Bogor [ID]: IPB Press.
Sikor T, Lund C. 2009. Access and Property: A Question of Power and Authority. Development and Change. 40:1:1-22.
Rudyanto, Rumetna L, Setyawan D, Prabowo NA. 2015. Dokumentasi Proses dan Pembelajaran Pembentukan KKPD Raja Ampat dan Pembentukan BLUD UPTD KKPD Raja Ampat. Raja Ampat (ID): The Nature Conservancy.
[UPT BLUD] Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan Layanan Umum Daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat. 2017. Jumlah Wisatawan Raja Ampat. Diunduh pada tanggal 1 September 2018 [internet]. Dapat diakses di http://www.kkpr4.net/index.php?page=page&id=34
Veron JEN, DeVantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth S, Stafford-Smith, M, Peterson N. 2011. Delineating teh Coral Triangle. Galaxca Journal of Coral Reef Studies. 11:91-100.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. - Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.png)
