Movement and Home Range of the Translocated Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis Ouwens, 1912) in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Abstract
One of the conservation efforts for the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the translocation of the Komodo. Six juvenile captive-bred Komodo Dragons were translocated from Bogor to Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, East Nusa Tenggara Province, on 23rd September 2023. This research aims to calculate and describe home ranges total daily movements and the habitat conditions of Komodo Dragons. The research was carried out at the Wae Wuul Nature Reserve using the radio tracking method for 11 days, as most of the translocated Komodo Dragons could only survive in the short term. Results showed that translocated Komodo Dragons tend to stay near the initial release location. The average total daily movement translocated Komodo Dragons was 424.53 m day–1 with an average home range of 34.11 ha and an average core area of 8.20 ha. The habitats used by Komodo Dragons are savanna and monsoon forests dominated by bushes and trees. The presence of feral dogs and vehicle road access have the potential to pose a threat to the translocated Komodo Dragons.
References
1. Sumarto, S.; Simbala, H.E.I.; Koneri, R; Siahaan, R.; Siahaan, P. Biologi Konservasi. CV. Patra Media Grafindo: Bandung, 2018.
2. Hodder, K.H.; Bullock, J.M. Translocations of Native Species in the UK: implications for Biodiversity. Journal of Applied Ecology 1997, 34, 547–565.
3. Rahmanita, D.; Bashari, H. Pedoman Pelepasliaran Satwa Liar di Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone. Balai Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone dan Enhancing the Protected Area System in Sulawesi for Biodiversity Conservation (EPASS)-Project: Kotamobagu, 2019.
4. Griffith, B.; Scott, J.M.; Carpenter, J.W.; Reed C. Translocation as A Species Conservation Tool: Status and Strategy. Science 1989, 245, 477-480.
5. Fischer, J.; Lindenmayer, D.B. An Assessment of The Published Results of Animal Relocations. Biological Conservation 2000, 96, 1-11.
6. Ulumiyah, N.; Hernowo, J.B.; Masy’ud, B. Faktor-Faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Pelepasliaran Elang Bondol (Haliastur indus Boddaert, 1783) di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 2018, 9, 337-351.
7. Nichols, J.D.; Armstrong, D.P. Monitoring for Reintroductions. Di dalam: Ewen J.G.; Armstrong D.P.; Parker K.A.; Seddon P.J. Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management. Wiley Blackwell: New Jersey, 2012.
8. Jessop, T.S.; Ariefiandy, A.; Azmi, M.; Ciofi, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Purwandana, D. Varanus komodoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22884A123633058, 2021.
9. Jessop, T.S.; Rudiharto, H.; Purwandana, D.; Imansyah, M.J. Ekologi, Populasi, Reproduksi, dan Spasial Biawak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Taman Nasional Komodo. BTNK/CRESS-ZSSD/TNC: Indonesia, 2007.
10. Sastrawan, I.D.P.P.; Sudaryanto; Winana, D.P.G. Perilaku Harian Biawak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Pulau Komodo Taman Nasional Komodo. J Vet, 2001, 2, 121-125.
11. Erdmann, A.M. Panduan Sejarah Ekologi Taman Nasional Komodo Buku I: Darat. The Nature Conservancy and Indonesia Coastal Marine Program: Indonesia, 2004.
12. Purwandana, D.; Ariefiandy, A.; Imansyah, M.J.; Rudiharto, H.; Seno, A.; Ciofi, C.; Fordham, D.A.; Jessop, T.S. Demographic Status of Komodo Dragons Populations in Komodo National Park. Biological Conservation, 2014, 171, 29-35.
13. Ciofi, C.; Beaumont, M.A.; Swingland, I.R.; Bruford, M.W. Genetik Divergence and Units for Conservation in The Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 1999, 266, 2269-2274.
14. Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Azmi, M.; Nasu, S.A.; Mardani, J.; Ciofi, C.; Jessop, T.S. Human Activities Associated with Reduced Komodo Dragon Habitat Use and Range Loss on Flores. Biodivers Conserv, 2021, 30, 461-479.
15. Ciofi, C.; Smith, B.R.; Hutchins, M. Conservation: In Situ and Ex Situ Contributions in Komodo Dragons. Biology and Conservation, 2002, 211–230.
16. Azmi, M.; Nasu, S.A.; Kasim, A.M.; Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C.; Jessop, T.S. Incidences of Road Kills and Injuries of Komodo Dragons Along the North Coast of Flores Island, Indonesia. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 2021, 16, 11-16.
17. Waka, A.B.N.; Arida, I.M.S. Pengelolaan Taman Wisata Alam 17 Pulau Riung oleh BKSDA, Kabupaten Ngada NTT. Jurnal Destinasi Wisata, 2022, 10, 32-39.
18. Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Natali, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Surrahman, M.; Jessop, T.J.; Ciofi, C. Conservation of Komodo Dragons Varanus komodoensis in The Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores, Indonesia: A Multidisciplinary Approach. International Zoo Yearbook, 2015, 49, 1-14.
19. Bubac, C.M.; Johnson, A.C.; Fox, J.A.; Cullingham, C.I. Conservation Translocations and Post-Release Monitoring: Identifying Trends in Failures, Biases, and Challenges from Around The World. Biological Conservation, 2019, 238, 108239.
20. Ujvari, B.; Korsos, Z. Use of Radio Telemetry on Snakes: A Review. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2000, 46, 115-146.
21. Rogers, K.B.; White, G.C. Analysis of Movement and Habitat Use from Telemetry Data. Di dalam: Guy, C.; Brown, M. eds. Analysis and Interpretation of Freshwater Fisheries Data. American Fisheries Society: Maryland, 2007.
22. Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Ariefiandy, A.; Rudiharto, H.; Jessop, T.S. Prey Preferences and Body Mass Most Influence Movement Behavior and Home Range Area of Komodo Dragons. Ichthyology & Herpetology, 2021, 109, 92-101.
23. Kays, R.; Tilak, S.; Crofoot, M.; Fountain, T.; Obando, D.; Ortega, A.; Kuemmeth, F.; Mandel, J.; Swenson, G.; Lambert, T.; Hirsch, B.; Wikelski, M. Tracking Animal Location and Activity with An Automated Radio Telemetry System in A Tropical Rainforest. The Computer Jurnal, 2011, 1-18.
24. Kenward, R. Wildlife Radio Tagging. Academic Press: New York, 1987.
25. Jati, V.J.; Kusumayudha S.B.; Cahyadi, T.A. Aplikasi Band Ratio NDMI Citra Landsat 8 dalam Penentuan Zona Rawan Longsor Dengan Metode Overlay Analysis. KURVATEK, 2020, 5, 37-44.
26. Ayuningrum, N.T. Komunitas Amfibi di Beberapa Sungai pada Suaka Margasatwa Nantu Provinsi Gorontalo. Institut Pertanian Bogor: Bogor, 2015.
27. Almeida, P.J.A.L; Vlelra, M.V.; Kajin, M.; Forero-Medina, G.; Cerqueira. Indices of Movement Behaviour: Conceptual Background, Effects of Scale and Location Errors. Zoologia, 2010, 27, 674-680.
28. Calenge, C. The Package “adehabitat” for The R Software: A Tool for The Analysis of Space and Habitat Use by Animal. Journal of Ecological Modelling, 2006, 197, 516-519.
29. Lewin-Koh, J.N.; Bivand, R. “Package ‘maptools’: Tools for Reading and Handling Spatial Objects,” R Package Version 0.8-10. 2011.
30. Mohr, C. 1947. Table of Equivalent Populations of North American Small Mammals. American Midland Naturalist, 2011, 37, 223-249.
31. Imansyah, M.J.; Jessop T.S.; Ciofi, C.; Akbar, Z. Ontogenetic Differences in The Spatial Ecology of Immature Komodo Dragons. Journal of Zoology, 2007, 274, 1-9.
32. Telemetry Solutions. Q4000ER User Manual. Telemetry Solutions: California, 2023.
33. Winarno, G.D.; Harianto, S.P. Perilaku Satwa (Ethology). AURA: Bandar Lampung, 2018.
34. Fryxell, J.M.; Sinclair, R.E. Causes and Consequenses of Migration by Large Herbivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1988, 3, 237.
35. Mochtar, D. Komodo Sisa Binatang Purba di Indonesia. Departemen Kehutanan: Jakarta, 1992.
36. Keefe, J.; Sutanto, A. 2021. Metode Spatial Machine antara Menciptakan Konservasi Komodo dan Menjalin Kembali Saudara Sedarah Legenda Putri Najo di Pulau Komodo. Jurnal STUPA, 1992, 3, 1455-1470.
37. Jessop, T.S.; Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C; Imansyah, M.J.; Benu, Y.J.; Fordham, D.A.; Forsyth, D.M.; Mulder, R.A.; Phillips, B.L. Exploring Mechanisms and Origins of Reduced Dispersal in Island Komodo Dragons. Proc. R. Soc. B, 2018, 285, 20181829.
38. Mulyana, A.; Ridwan, W. Biodata dan Perilaku Reproduksi Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) Perkembangan Informasi Sampai Tahun 1992. Penelitian Kehutanan Kupang: Kupang, 1992.
39. Dewi, M.A.; Mardiastuti A.; Iskandar, E. Wilayah Jelajah dan Teritori Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak. Media Konservasi, 2016, 21, 73-82.
40. Christian, K.A.; Waldschmidt, S. The Relationship Between Lizard Home Range and Body Size: A Reanalysis of The Data. Herpetologica, 1984, 40, 68-75.
41. Perry, G.; Garland Jr., T. Lizard Home Ranges Revisited: Effects of Sex, Body Size, Diet, Habitat and Phylogeny. Ecology, 2002, 83, 1870–1885.
42. Pearson, D.; Shine, R.; Williams, A. Spatial Ecology of A Threatened Python (Morelia spilota imbricata) And the Effects of Anthropogenic Habitat Change. Aust. Ecol, 2005, 30, 261–274.
43. King, D.; Green, B. Goannas: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. New South Wales University Press: Kensington, 1999.
44. McNab, B.K. Bioenergetics and The Determination of Home Range Size. Nature, 1963, 97, 133-140.
45. Auffenberg W. Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University of Florida: Florida, 1981.
46. Purwandana, D.; Ariefiandy, A.; Imansyah, M.J.; Seno, A.; Ciofi, C.; Letnic, M.; Jessop, T.S. Ecological Allometries and Niche Use Dynamics Across Komodo Dragon Ontogeny. Sci Nat, 2016, 103, 1-11.
47. Ciofi, C.; de Boer, M.E. Distribution and Conservation of The Komodo Monitor (Varanus komodoensis). Herpetological Journal, 2004, 14, 99-107.
48. Jessop, T.S.; Sumner, J.; Rudiharto, H.; Purwandana, D.; Imansyah, M.J.; Phillips, J.A. Distribution, Use and Selection of Nest Type by Komodo Dragons. Biological Conservation, 2004, 117, 463-470.
49. Harlow, H.J.; Purwandana, D.; Jessop, T.S.; Phillips, J.A. Body Temperature and Thermoregulation of Komodo Dragons in The Field. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2010a, 35, 338-347.
50. Harlow, H.J.; Purwandana, D.; Jessop, T.S.; Phillips, J.A. Size-Related Differences in The Thermoregulatory Habits of Free-Ranging Komodo dragons. International Journal of Zoology, 2010b, 1-9.
51. Purvis, A.; Agapow, P.M.; Gittleman, J.L.; Mace, G.M. Nonrandom extinction in evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, 2000, 91: 6758-6763.
52. Santosa, Y.; Siregar J.P.; Rinaldi, D.; Rahman D.A. Faktor-Faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Pelepasliaran Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 2012, 17, 186-191.
53. Blower, J.H.; der Zon, A.P.M Van; Mulyana; Yaya. Proposed Komodo National Park: Management Plan 1978-1982. Nature Conservation dan Wildlife Management Project dan Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Direktorat Jendral Kehutanan: Bogor, 1977.
54. Gibbs, J.P.; Shriver, W.G. Estimating The Effects of Road Mortality on Turtle Population. Consevation Biology, 2002, 16, 1647-1652.
55. Lin, S.C. Landscape and Traffic Factors Affecting Animal Road Mortality. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 2016, 24, 10-20.
56. Boston, K. The Potential Effects of Forest Roads on The Environment and Mitigating Their Impacts. Current Forestry Report, 2016, 2: 215-222.
57. Dodd Jr., C.K.; Barichivich, W.J.; Smith, L.L. Effectiveness of A Barrier Wall and Culverts in Reducing Wildlife Mortality on A Heavily Traveled Highway in Florida. Biological Conservation, 2004, 118, 619–631.
58. Aresco, M.J. Mitigation Measures to Reduce Highway Mortality of Turtles and Other Herpetofauna at A North Florida Lake. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2005, 69, 549-560.
59. Baxter-Gilbert J.H.; Riley, J.L.; Lesbarrères, D.; Litzgus. Mitigating Reptile Road Mortality: Fence Failures Compromise Ecopassage Effectiveness. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10, e0120537.
2. Hodder, K.H.; Bullock, J.M. Translocations of Native Species in the UK: implications for Biodiversity. Journal of Applied Ecology 1997, 34, 547–565.
3. Rahmanita, D.; Bashari, H. Pedoman Pelepasliaran Satwa Liar di Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone. Balai Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone dan Enhancing the Protected Area System in Sulawesi for Biodiversity Conservation (EPASS)-Project: Kotamobagu, 2019.
4. Griffith, B.; Scott, J.M.; Carpenter, J.W.; Reed C. Translocation as A Species Conservation Tool: Status and Strategy. Science 1989, 245, 477-480.
5. Fischer, J.; Lindenmayer, D.B. An Assessment of The Published Results of Animal Relocations. Biological Conservation 2000, 96, 1-11.
6. Ulumiyah, N.; Hernowo, J.B.; Masy’ud, B. Faktor-Faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Pelepasliaran Elang Bondol (Haliastur indus Boddaert, 1783) di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 2018, 9, 337-351.
7. Nichols, J.D.; Armstrong, D.P. Monitoring for Reintroductions. Di dalam: Ewen J.G.; Armstrong D.P.; Parker K.A.; Seddon P.J. Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management. Wiley Blackwell: New Jersey, 2012.
8. Jessop, T.S.; Ariefiandy, A.; Azmi, M.; Ciofi, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Purwandana, D. Varanus komodoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22884A123633058, 2021.
9. Jessop, T.S.; Rudiharto, H.; Purwandana, D.; Imansyah, M.J. Ekologi, Populasi, Reproduksi, dan Spasial Biawak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Taman Nasional Komodo. BTNK/CRESS-ZSSD/TNC: Indonesia, 2007.
10. Sastrawan, I.D.P.P.; Sudaryanto; Winana, D.P.G. Perilaku Harian Biawak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Pulau Komodo Taman Nasional Komodo. J Vet, 2001, 2, 121-125.
11. Erdmann, A.M. Panduan Sejarah Ekologi Taman Nasional Komodo Buku I: Darat. The Nature Conservancy and Indonesia Coastal Marine Program: Indonesia, 2004.
12. Purwandana, D.; Ariefiandy, A.; Imansyah, M.J.; Rudiharto, H.; Seno, A.; Ciofi, C.; Fordham, D.A.; Jessop, T.S. Demographic Status of Komodo Dragons Populations in Komodo National Park. Biological Conservation, 2014, 171, 29-35.
13. Ciofi, C.; Beaumont, M.A.; Swingland, I.R.; Bruford, M.W. Genetik Divergence and Units for Conservation in The Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 1999, 266, 2269-2274.
14. Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Azmi, M.; Nasu, S.A.; Mardani, J.; Ciofi, C.; Jessop, T.S. Human Activities Associated with Reduced Komodo Dragon Habitat Use and Range Loss on Flores. Biodivers Conserv, 2021, 30, 461-479.
15. Ciofi, C.; Smith, B.R.; Hutchins, M. Conservation: In Situ and Ex Situ Contributions in Komodo Dragons. Biology and Conservation, 2002, 211–230.
16. Azmi, M.; Nasu, S.A.; Kasim, A.M.; Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C.; Jessop, T.S. Incidences of Road Kills and Injuries of Komodo Dragons Along the North Coast of Flores Island, Indonesia. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 2021, 16, 11-16.
17. Waka, A.B.N.; Arida, I.M.S. Pengelolaan Taman Wisata Alam 17 Pulau Riung oleh BKSDA, Kabupaten Ngada NTT. Jurnal Destinasi Wisata, 2022, 10, 32-39.
18. Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Natali, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Surrahman, M.; Jessop, T.J.; Ciofi, C. Conservation of Komodo Dragons Varanus komodoensis in The Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores, Indonesia: A Multidisciplinary Approach. International Zoo Yearbook, 2015, 49, 1-14.
19. Bubac, C.M.; Johnson, A.C.; Fox, J.A.; Cullingham, C.I. Conservation Translocations and Post-Release Monitoring: Identifying Trends in Failures, Biases, and Challenges from Around The World. Biological Conservation, 2019, 238, 108239.
20. Ujvari, B.; Korsos, Z. Use of Radio Telemetry on Snakes: A Review. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2000, 46, 115-146.
21. Rogers, K.B.; White, G.C. Analysis of Movement and Habitat Use from Telemetry Data. Di dalam: Guy, C.; Brown, M. eds. Analysis and Interpretation of Freshwater Fisheries Data. American Fisheries Society: Maryland, 2007.
22. Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C.; Imansyah, M.J.; Ariefiandy, A.; Rudiharto, H.; Jessop, T.S. Prey Preferences and Body Mass Most Influence Movement Behavior and Home Range Area of Komodo Dragons. Ichthyology & Herpetology, 2021, 109, 92-101.
23. Kays, R.; Tilak, S.; Crofoot, M.; Fountain, T.; Obando, D.; Ortega, A.; Kuemmeth, F.; Mandel, J.; Swenson, G.; Lambert, T.; Hirsch, B.; Wikelski, M. Tracking Animal Location and Activity with An Automated Radio Telemetry System in A Tropical Rainforest. The Computer Jurnal, 2011, 1-18.
24. Kenward, R. Wildlife Radio Tagging. Academic Press: New York, 1987.
25. Jati, V.J.; Kusumayudha S.B.; Cahyadi, T.A. Aplikasi Band Ratio NDMI Citra Landsat 8 dalam Penentuan Zona Rawan Longsor Dengan Metode Overlay Analysis. KURVATEK, 2020, 5, 37-44.
26. Ayuningrum, N.T. Komunitas Amfibi di Beberapa Sungai pada Suaka Margasatwa Nantu Provinsi Gorontalo. Institut Pertanian Bogor: Bogor, 2015.
27. Almeida, P.J.A.L; Vlelra, M.V.; Kajin, M.; Forero-Medina, G.; Cerqueira. Indices of Movement Behaviour: Conceptual Background, Effects of Scale and Location Errors. Zoologia, 2010, 27, 674-680.
28. Calenge, C. The Package “adehabitat” for The R Software: A Tool for The Analysis of Space and Habitat Use by Animal. Journal of Ecological Modelling, 2006, 197, 516-519.
29. Lewin-Koh, J.N.; Bivand, R. “Package ‘maptools’: Tools for Reading and Handling Spatial Objects,” R Package Version 0.8-10. 2011.
30. Mohr, C. 1947. Table of Equivalent Populations of North American Small Mammals. American Midland Naturalist, 2011, 37, 223-249.
31. Imansyah, M.J.; Jessop T.S.; Ciofi, C.; Akbar, Z. Ontogenetic Differences in The Spatial Ecology of Immature Komodo Dragons. Journal of Zoology, 2007, 274, 1-9.
32. Telemetry Solutions. Q4000ER User Manual. Telemetry Solutions: California, 2023.
33. Winarno, G.D.; Harianto, S.P. Perilaku Satwa (Ethology). AURA: Bandar Lampung, 2018.
34. Fryxell, J.M.; Sinclair, R.E. Causes and Consequenses of Migration by Large Herbivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1988, 3, 237.
35. Mochtar, D. Komodo Sisa Binatang Purba di Indonesia. Departemen Kehutanan: Jakarta, 1992.
36. Keefe, J.; Sutanto, A. 2021. Metode Spatial Machine antara Menciptakan Konservasi Komodo dan Menjalin Kembali Saudara Sedarah Legenda Putri Najo di Pulau Komodo. Jurnal STUPA, 1992, 3, 1455-1470.
37. Jessop, T.S.; Ariefiandy, A.; Purwandana, D.; Ciofi, C; Imansyah, M.J.; Benu, Y.J.; Fordham, D.A.; Forsyth, D.M.; Mulder, R.A.; Phillips, B.L. Exploring Mechanisms and Origins of Reduced Dispersal in Island Komodo Dragons. Proc. R. Soc. B, 2018, 285, 20181829.
38. Mulyana, A.; Ridwan, W. Biodata dan Perilaku Reproduksi Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) Perkembangan Informasi Sampai Tahun 1992. Penelitian Kehutanan Kupang: Kupang, 1992.
39. Dewi, M.A.; Mardiastuti A.; Iskandar, E. Wilayah Jelajah dan Teritori Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak. Media Konservasi, 2016, 21, 73-82.
40. Christian, K.A.; Waldschmidt, S. The Relationship Between Lizard Home Range and Body Size: A Reanalysis of The Data. Herpetologica, 1984, 40, 68-75.
41. Perry, G.; Garland Jr., T. Lizard Home Ranges Revisited: Effects of Sex, Body Size, Diet, Habitat and Phylogeny. Ecology, 2002, 83, 1870–1885.
42. Pearson, D.; Shine, R.; Williams, A. Spatial Ecology of A Threatened Python (Morelia spilota imbricata) And the Effects of Anthropogenic Habitat Change. Aust. Ecol, 2005, 30, 261–274.
43. King, D.; Green, B. Goannas: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. New South Wales University Press: Kensington, 1999.
44. McNab, B.K. Bioenergetics and The Determination of Home Range Size. Nature, 1963, 97, 133-140.
45. Auffenberg W. Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University of Florida: Florida, 1981.
46. Purwandana, D.; Ariefiandy, A.; Imansyah, M.J.; Seno, A.; Ciofi, C.; Letnic, M.; Jessop, T.S. Ecological Allometries and Niche Use Dynamics Across Komodo Dragon Ontogeny. Sci Nat, 2016, 103, 1-11.
47. Ciofi, C.; de Boer, M.E. Distribution and Conservation of The Komodo Monitor (Varanus komodoensis). Herpetological Journal, 2004, 14, 99-107.
48. Jessop, T.S.; Sumner, J.; Rudiharto, H.; Purwandana, D.; Imansyah, M.J.; Phillips, J.A. Distribution, Use and Selection of Nest Type by Komodo Dragons. Biological Conservation, 2004, 117, 463-470.
49. Harlow, H.J.; Purwandana, D.; Jessop, T.S.; Phillips, J.A. Body Temperature and Thermoregulation of Komodo Dragons in The Field. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2010a, 35, 338-347.
50. Harlow, H.J.; Purwandana, D.; Jessop, T.S.; Phillips, J.A. Size-Related Differences in The Thermoregulatory Habits of Free-Ranging Komodo dragons. International Journal of Zoology, 2010b, 1-9.
51. Purvis, A.; Agapow, P.M.; Gittleman, J.L.; Mace, G.M. Nonrandom extinction in evolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, 2000, 91: 6758-6763.
52. Santosa, Y.; Siregar J.P.; Rinaldi, D.; Rahman D.A. Faktor-Faktor Penentu Keberhasilan Pelepasliaran Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 2012, 17, 186-191.
53. Blower, J.H.; der Zon, A.P.M Van; Mulyana; Yaya. Proposed Komodo National Park: Management Plan 1978-1982. Nature Conservation dan Wildlife Management Project dan Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Direktorat Jendral Kehutanan: Bogor, 1977.
54. Gibbs, J.P.; Shriver, W.G. Estimating The Effects of Road Mortality on Turtle Population. Consevation Biology, 2002, 16, 1647-1652.
55. Lin, S.C. Landscape and Traffic Factors Affecting Animal Road Mortality. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 2016, 24, 10-20.
56. Boston, K. The Potential Effects of Forest Roads on The Environment and Mitigating Their Impacts. Current Forestry Report, 2016, 2: 215-222.
57. Dodd Jr., C.K.; Barichivich, W.J.; Smith, L.L. Effectiveness of A Barrier Wall and Culverts in Reducing Wildlife Mortality on A Heavily Traveled Highway in Florida. Biological Conservation, 2004, 118, 619–631.
58. Aresco, M.J. Mitigation Measures to Reduce Highway Mortality of Turtles and Other Herpetofauna at A North Florida Lake. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2005, 69, 549-560.
59. Baxter-Gilbert J.H.; Riley, J.L.; Lesbarrères, D.; Litzgus. Mitigating Reptile Road Mortality: Fence Failures Compromise Ecopassage Effectiveness. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10, e0120537.
Authors
[1]
RamadhanT.M.D., KusriniM.D., AiniY. and MahmudA. 2024. Movement and Home Range of the Translocated Komodo Dragons (Varanus komodoensis Ouwens, 1912) in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia . Media Konservasi. 29, 4 (Dec. 2024), 660. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.29.4.660.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Media Konservasi is an open access journal, meaning that all content is freely available without charge to the user or their institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without needing to request prior permission from the publisher or the author.
All articles published by Media Konservasi are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This allows for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided proper credit is given to the original authors.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that the copyright of published manuscripts is retained by the authors. Copyright encompasses the exclusive rights of authors to reproduce, distribute, and sell any part of the journal articles in all forms and media. Reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases, and its transmission by any form or media is allowed without written permission from Media Konservasi.
