MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTER USING MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER TECHNOLOGY FOR SEDIMENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE GULF OF PALU
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Accepted
1 September 2020
Published
31 August 2020
Keywords:
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backscatter, multibeam echosounder, Palu gulf, sediment type, SVM
Abstract
Backscattering can describe sediments' condition in the bottom waters, including the grain size of the bottom waters sediments. This study aims to detect, classify, and estimate the bottom watershed based on backscattering values using Angular Response Analysis (ARA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) so that a spatial map of sediment distribution is obtained in Gulf of Palu. Bathymetry data and backscattering intensity were taken on 5-9 October 2018 using the multibeam echosounder Kongsberg EM 302 with a frequency of 30 kHz, and ten sediment samples in 2012 belong to PUSHIDROSAL. The sediment distribution from the Gulf of Palu with the ARA method is dominated by sand and silt. Simultaneously, the distribution of sediments using the SVM method is dominated by silty sand, silt, and sand. Accuracy test results for the ARA methods produce an overall accuracy with a value of 50%. In comparison, Accuracy test results for the SVM method produce an overall accuracy with a value of 60%. The prediction of the basic types of waters in Palu Bay that are most close to the actual state is the prediction results using the SVM method, namely silt, silt, and sand.
References
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Manik, H.M. 2016. Acoustical measurement and biot model for coral reef detection and quantification. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, 2016(235061511): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2350615
Manik, H.M. 2015. Acoustic characterization of fish and seabed using underwater acoustic technology in Seribu Island Indonesia. Marine Science Research & Development J., 5(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000157
Manik, H.M. 2012. Seabed identification and characterization using sonar. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, 2012(532458): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/532458
Manik, H.M., M. Furusawa, & K. Amakasu. 2006. Measurement of sea bottom surface backscattering strength by quantitative echo sounder. Fisheries Science J., 72(3): 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01178.x
Nasril, C.H. 2013. Kajian upaya peningkatan produksi bongkar muat di pelabuhan pantoloan dalam rangka menekan lama kapal di tambatan. Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, 25(5): 328–336. https://doi.org/10.25104/w
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Park, Y., S. Lee, & S. Jung. 2011. Characterization of backscattering signal of 300 kHz multibeam echo sounder. Proceeding of Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics, 32: 289–290.
Paundanan, M., E. Riani, & S. Anwar. 2015. Kontaminasi logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) pada air, sedimen dan ikan selar tetengkek (Megalaspis cordyta) di Teluk Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. J. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 5(2): 161-168. https://doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.5.2.161
Pujiyati, S., S. Hartati, & W. Priyono. 2010. Efek ukuran butiran, kekasaran, dan kekerasan dasar perairan terhadap nilai hambur balik hasil deteksi hydroakustik. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 2(1): 59-67. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v2i1.7863
Rahman, A., Arfiah, & Y. Mudin. 2017. Model distribusi salinitas dan temperatur air laut dengan menggunakan metode numerik 2D di muara sungai toaya dan muara sungai palu. Gravitasi J., 16(2): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.22487/gravitasi.v18i2
Robotham, H., P. Bosch, J.C. Gutiérrez-Estrada, J. Castillo, & I. Pulido-Calvo. 2010. Acoustic identification of small pelagic fish species in Chile using support vector machines and neural networks. Fish Research J., 102: 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2009.10.015
Rzhanov, Y., L. Fonseca, & L.A. Mayer. 2012. Construction of seafloor thematic maps from multibeam acoustic backscatter angular response data. J. Computer and Geoscience, 41: 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.09.001
Sarwono, J. 2006. Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 286 p.
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Schnare, T. 2014. Caris hips & sips 8.0 manuals for hydrography and survey use. MGEO. Canada. 24 p.
Stanic, S., K.B. Briggs, P. Fleischer, W.B. Sawyer, & R.I. Ray. 1989. High frequency acoustic backscattering from a coarse shell ocean bottom. J. of the Acoustical Society of America, 85(1): 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397720
Vapnik, V. 1995. The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer-Verlag. New York. 299 p.
Widhiarso W. 2005. Mengestimasi reliabilitas. Fakultas Psikologi UGM. Yogyakarta. 30 p.
Akbar, H., S. Pujiyati, & M. Natsir. 2013. Hubungan tipe dasar perairan dengan distribusi ikan demersal di perairan Pangkajene Sulawesi Selatan. J. Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan, 4(1): 31-39. https://doi.org/10.24319/jtpk.4.31-39
Akbar, K., D.G. Pratomo, & Khomsin. 2017. Analisis nilai hambur balik sedimen permukaan dasar perairan menggunakan data multibeam echosounder EM302. J. Teknik ITS, 6(2): 154-157. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v6i2.24415
Bishop, C.M. 2006. Pattern recognition and machine learning. Springer science and business media. Singapore. 738 p
Draper, N. dan H. Smith. 1992. Analisis regresi terapan. Gramedia. Jakarta. 671 p.
Debese, N., R. Moitié, & N. Seube. 2012. Multibeam echosounder data cleaning through a hierarchic adaptive and robust local surfacing. J. Computer and Geoscience, 46: 330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.012
Fahrulian, H.M. Manik, & H. Djoko. 2013. Dimensi gunung bawah laut dengan menggunakan multibeam echo-sounder di perairan Bengkulu. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 5(1): 93-102. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v5i1.7754
Fonseca, L., C. Brown, B. Calder, L. Mayer, & Y. Rzhanov. 2009. Angular range analysis of acoustic themes from stanton banks ireland: a link between visual interpretation and multibeam echosounder angular signatures. Applied Acoustics J., 70(10): 1298-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2008.09.008
Fonseca, L. & L.A. Mayer. 2007. Remote estimation of surficial seafloor properties through the application angular range analysis to multibeam sonar data. Marine Geophysical Research, 28: 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001.007.9019.4
Gusman, A.R., P. Supendi, A.D. Nugraha, W. Power, H. Latief, H. Sunendar, S. Widiyantoro, Daryono, S.H. Wiyono, & A. Hakim. 2019. Source model for the tsunami inside palu bay following the 2018 Palu earthquake, Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(15): 8721–8730. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082717
Hamuna, B., S. Pujiyati, N.M.N. Natih, & L. Dimara. 2018. Analisis hambur balik akustik untuk klasifikasi dan pemetaan substrat dasar perairan di Teluk Yos Sudarso, Kota Jayapura. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 10(2): 291-300. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v10i2.24045
Hasan, R.C., D. Ierodiaconou, L. Laurenson, & A. Schimel. 2014. Integrating multibeam backscatter angular response, mosaic and bathymetry data for benthic habitat mapping. PLOS One J., 9(5): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097339
Kurniawan. 2008. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing. Austria. 257 p.
Kusumatuti, I.D., D. Anugrah, A. Listalatu, & R. Farhan. 2018. Menata kembali pemukiman penduduk di sulawesi tengah dengan rencana terpadu. Badan pengembang infrastruktur wilayah (BPIW) kementerian PUPR. Jakarta. 73 p.
Landis, J.R. & G.G. Koch. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33: 159‐174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Ludtke, A., K. Jerosch, O. Herzog, & Schluter. 2012. Development of a machine learning techniquw for automatic analysis of seafloor image data: case example, Pogonophora coverage at mud volcanoes. Computer and Geosciences J., 39: 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.06.020
MacDonald, A. & C. Collins. 2008. Taking geocoder to work. In: MacDonald, A. (ed). Proceedings of the Shallow Survey Conference 2008. Portsmouth. 1-9 pp.
Mandal, S., S. Rao, N. Harish, & Lokesha. 2012. Damage level prediction of non-reshaped berm breakwater using ANN, SVM and ANFIS models. International J. Archit Oc Engineering, 4: 112-122. https://doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0082
Manik, H.M. 2016. Acoustical measurement and biot model for coral reef detection and quantification. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, 2016(235061511): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2350615
Manik, H.M. 2015. Acoustic characterization of fish and seabed using underwater acoustic technology in Seribu Island Indonesia. Marine Science Research & Development J., 5(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000157
Manik, H.M. 2012. Seabed identification and characterization using sonar. Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, 2012(532458): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/532458
Manik, H.M., M. Furusawa, & K. Amakasu. 2006. Measurement of sea bottom surface backscattering strength by quantitative echo sounder. Fisheries Science J., 72(3): 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01178.x
Nasril, C.H. 2013. Kajian upaya peningkatan produksi bongkar muat di pelabuhan pantoloan dalam rangka menekan lama kapal di tambatan. Warta Penelitian Perhubungan, 25(5): 328–336. https://doi.org/10.25104/w
Ningsih, E.N., F. Supriyadi, & S. Nurdawati. 2013. Pengukuran dan analisis nilai hambur balik akustik untuk klasifikasi dasar perairan Delta Mahakam. J. Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 19(3): 139-146. https://doi.org/10.15578/jppi.19.3.2013.139-146
Park, Y., S. Lee, & S. Jung. 2011. Characterization of backscattering signal of 300 kHz multibeam echo sounder. Proceeding of Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics, 32: 289–290.
Paundanan, M., E. Riani, & S. Anwar. 2015. Kontaminasi logam berat merkuri (Hg) dan timbal (Pb) pada air, sedimen dan ikan selar tetengkek (Megalaspis cordyta) di Teluk Palu, Sulawesi Tengah. J. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan, 5(2): 161-168. https://doi.org/10.19081/jpsl.5.2.161
Pujiyati, S., S. Hartati, & W. Priyono. 2010. Efek ukuran butiran, kekasaran, dan kekerasan dasar perairan terhadap nilai hambur balik hasil deteksi hydroakustik. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 2(1): 59-67. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v2i1.7863
Rahman, A., Arfiah, & Y. Mudin. 2017. Model distribusi salinitas dan temperatur air laut dengan menggunakan metode numerik 2D di muara sungai toaya dan muara sungai palu. Gravitasi J., 16(2): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.22487/gravitasi.v18i2
Robotham, H., P. Bosch, J.C. Gutiérrez-Estrada, J. Castillo, & I. Pulido-Calvo. 2010. Acoustic identification of small pelagic fish species in Chile using support vector machines and neural networks. Fish Research J., 102: 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2009.10.015
Rzhanov, Y., L. Fonseca, & L.A. Mayer. 2012. Construction of seafloor thematic maps from multibeam acoustic backscatter angular response data. J. Computer and Geoscience, 41: 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.09.001
Sarwono, J. 2006. Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 286 p.
Shahua A. 2008. Introduction to machine learning. School of Computer Science and Engineering. The Hebrew University Press. Jerusalem.148 p.
Schnare, T. 2014. Caris hips & sips 8.0 manuals for hydrography and survey use. MGEO. Canada. 24 p.
Stanic, S., K.B. Briggs, P. Fleischer, W.B. Sawyer, & R.I. Ray. 1989. High frequency acoustic backscattering from a coarse shell ocean bottom. J. of the Acoustical Society of America, 85(1): 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.397720
Vapnik, V. 1995. The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer-Verlag. New York. 299 p.
Widhiarso W. 2005. Mengestimasi reliabilitas. Fakultas Psikologi UGM. Yogyakarta. 30 p.
Authors
FarihahR. A., ManikH. M., & HarsonoG. (2020). MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ACOUSTIC BACKSCATTER USING MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER TECHNOLOGY FOR SEDIMENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE GULF OF PALU. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(2), 437-453. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v12i2.28465
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