Application of Biochar and Decomposers to the Composting Process of Cocoa Husk and Enrichment Using Phosphate Solubilizing Microbe to Improve the Quality Organic Fertilizer
Penggunaan Biochar dan Dekomposer dalam Proses Pengomposan Limbah Kulit Buah Kakao serta Pengkayaan Mikrob Pelarut Fosfat (MPF) untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Pupuk Organik
Abstract
The use of cocoa husk waste by farmers is not optimal. In general, farmers only dispose of or immerse cocoa husk waste without processing it into quality organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the influence of biochar and decomposers in accelerating the process of composting cocoa husk waste and improving the quality of organic fertilizers, and the effect of adding Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (BPF) to organic fertilizer derived from cocoa husk waste on the growth of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.). The first phase of the research was carried out a factorial 2 factor design in the Completely Randomized Design i.e. Biochar (without biochar and 10% biochar from the dry weight of organic fertilizer materials), and Decomposers (without decomposers and decomposers of 100 g kg-1 of organic fertilizer). The second phase of the study used a 3-factor factorial design in a Completely Randomized Design i.e. type of organic fertilizer (without organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and biochar), inoculant Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (BPF), (without BPF inoculants, BPF A inoculants and BPF B inoculants), and dose of P fertilizer (without P fertilizer, SP-36 fertilizer 1 g P2O5, SP-36 fertilizer 2 g P2O5, and natural phosphate fertilizer 2 g P2O5). The results showed that the administration of biochar and decomposers did not accelerate the composting process. Provision of biochar and decomposers increases levels of humic acid. Giving natural phosphate 2 g P2O5 / 2.2 kg BKM increases the height growth of cocoa seedlings. Application of organic fertilizer with biochar or without biochar on the inoculant treatment factors of BPF A and BPF B significantly increased the diameter of the cocoa seedling stem. Application of organic fertilizer increases the stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves of cocoa seedlings, root dry weight and dry weight of stem of cocoa seedlings.
Downloads
References
Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi. 2009. Biochar Penyelamat Lingkungan. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 31(6).
Barea, J.M., M.J. Pozo, R. Azcon and C. Azcon-Aguilar. 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J. Exp. Botany, 56(417):1761-1778.
Cooperband, L.R. 2000. Composting: art and science of organic waste conversion to a valuable soil resource. Laboratory medicine, 31(5):283-290
Dalzell, H.W., A.J. Biddlestone, K.R. Gray, J.F. Parr and Thurairajan. 1987. Pengolahan tanah: produksi dan penggunaan kompos dalam limbah padat di Indonesia: masalah atau sumber daya?. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
Djuarnani, N., Kristian dan B.S. Setiawan. 2005. Cara Cepat Membuat Kompos. Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Dias, B.O., C.A. Silva., F.S. Higashikawa., A. Roig and M.A. Sanchez-Monedero. 2010. Use of biochar as bulking agent for the composting of poultry manure; effect on organic matter degradation and humification. Bioresource Technology, 101:1239-1246.
Dwijosaputro. 1996. Pengantar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Gramedia, Jakarta.
Gani, A. 2007. Konversi sampah organik menjadi komarasca (Kompos-biochar aktif-asap cair) dan aplikasinya pada tanaman daun dewa [Disertasi]. IPB. Bogor.
----------. 2009. Arang hayati biochar sebagai komponen perbaikan produktivitas lahan. Iptek Tanaman Pangan, 4:33-48.
Gaur, A.C. 1981. Compost organic recycling improving soil fertility through organic Recycling. FAO/UNDP Regional Project RAS/77/004. [Project field document]. p. 7-14.
Gazi, A.V., A. Kyriacou, M. Kotsou and K.E. Lasaridi. 2007. Microbial Community Dynamics and Stability Assessment during Green Waste Composting. Global NEST Journal, 9:35-41.
Goenadi, D.H., Siswanto and Y. Sugiarto. 2000. Bioactivation of poorly soluble phosphate rocks with a phosphorus-solubilizing fungus. Soil Science Soc. Am. J., 64:927-932.
Graves, R.E., G.M. Hattemer, D. Stettler and J.N. Krider. 2007. National Engineering Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture.
Harsini, T. dan Susilowati. 2010. Pemanfaatan kulit buah kakao dari limbah perkebunan kakao sebagai bahan baku pulp dengan proses organosol. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan, 2:80-89.
Harjadi, S.S. 1996. Pengantar Agronomi. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta. 360 pp.
Herdeen, I., C. Cronje, S.H. Swart and J.M. Kotze. 2002. Microbial chemical and physical aspects of citrus waste composting. Biores. Techno., 81:71-76.
Hidayat, M.F. 2003. Pemanfaatan asam humat dan omega pada pemberian pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan Gmelina arborea Roxb yang diinokulasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula (CMA) [Tesis]. IPB. Bogor.
Hua, L., W. Wu., Y. Liu and Y. Chen. 2009. Reduction of nitrogen loss and Cu and Zn mobility during sludge composting with bamboo char amandmend. Journal Enviromental Silence Pollution Research, 16:1-9.
Kastono, D. 2005. Tanggapan pertumbuhan dan hasil kedelai hitam terhadap penggunaan pupuk organik dan biopestisida gulma siam (Chromolaena odorata). J. Ilmu Pertanian, 12:103-116.
Kementerian Pertanian. 2016. Komoditas Pertanian dan Subsektor Perkebunan. [Outlook Kakao]. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi, Sekretariat Jenderal, Jakarta.
Komarayati, S. dan I. Indrawati. 2003. Isolasi dan identifikasi mikroorganisme dalam arang kompos. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 21:251-258.
Lehman, J. and S. Joseph. 2009. Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In Lehman J. S. Joseph (Ed.). Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan. p. 1-9.
Lingga, P. dan Marsono. 2013. Petunjuk Penggunaan Pupuk. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Mattjik, A.A. dan M. Sumertajaya. 2006. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS Minitab. IPB Press, Bogor.
Rochaeni, A., R. Deni dan H.P. Karunia. 2003. Pengaruh agitasi terhadap proses pengomposan sampah organik. Infomatek, 5:177-186.
[PUSLITLOKA] Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao. 2004. Panduan Lengkap Budidaya Kakao. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. PT. Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
Salisbury, F.B. dan C.W. Ross. 1995. Fisiologi tumbuhan. Jilid I Ed. Ke-4. D.R Lukman, Sumaryono. penerjemah; S. Niksolihin (Ed). Penerbit ITB, Bandung. Terjemahan dari: Plant Physiology.
Setyorini, D., R. Saraswati dan E.K. Anwar. 2008. Kompos. Pupuk Organik Pupuk Hayati. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor. p. 11-37.
Simamora, S. dan Salundik. 2006. Meningkatkan Kualitas Kompos. Agromedia, Jakarta.
Simanungkalit, R.D.M., D.A. Suriadikarta, R. Saraswati, D. Setyorini dan W. Hartatik. 2006. Pupuk organik dan pupuk hayati [bibliografi]. Balai Penelitian Tanah Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Bogor.
Steiner, C., W.G. Teixeira., J. Lehmann and W. Zech. 2004. Microbial response to charcoal amendmend of highly weathered soils and Amazonian Dark Earth in Central Amazonia [preliminary results]. In B Glaser and W.I. Woods (Eds.). Amazonian Dark Earths: Explorations in Time and Space, Springer, Berlin, Germany. p. 195-212.
Theeba, M., T. Robert., Bachmann., Z.I. Illani., M. Zulkefli., M.H.A. Husni and A.W. Samsuri. 2012. Characterization of local mill rice husk charcoal and its effect on compost properties. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science, 16:89-102.
Widiastuti, H., Isroi dan Siswanto. 2009. Keefektifan beberapa dekomposer untuk pengomposan limbah sludge pabrik kertas sebagai bahan baku pupuk organik. Jurnal Selulosa, 44:99-110.
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Faculty of Agriculture Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University
