Remediation Of Lead and Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Fly Ash and Organic Materials
Abstract
Agricultural soils that are close to industrial areas are prone to be polluted by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) caused by industrial waste. Soil remediation is a method to clean the soil from pollutant materials. Utilizing fly ash and organic matter is a way to reduce levels of Pb and Cd pollution in the soil. This research was conducted to study the effect of ameliorants on reducing the availability of Pb and Cd in soil. The greenhouse experiment was carried out using a randomized block design with the application of 3 types of ameliorants, namely fly ash, chicken manure, and cow manure. The experimental design was prepared with 2 dose levels, namely C: control; F1: 450g; F2: 600g; A1: 75g; A2: 105g; S1: 105g; S2: 135g; FAS1: 450 g+75 g+105 g; FAS2: 600g+105g+135g. Each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 27 experimental units. The experimental results showed that the effect of the treatment of fly ash, chicken manure, and cow manure significantly increased soil pH, KB, C-organic, and exchangeable bases as well as reduced levels of availability of Pb and Cd compared to controls. The use of single fly ash (F1 and F2) reduces the availability of Pb in the soil, while the available Cd decreased in the application of a combination of fly ash with chicken and cow manure (FAS1 and FAS2). The application of fly ash alone was able to reduce the availability of Pb and Cd which was higher than of chicken manure and cow manure alone. However, the provision of fly ash has not been able to increase the growth of kale plants.
Keywords: Cd, fly ash, chicken manure, cow manure, Pb, remediation
Downloads
References
Ahmad, G., A.A. Khan and H.I. Mohamed. 2021. Impact of the low and high concentrations of fly ash amended soil on growth, physiological response, and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poiret L.). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28(14): 17068–17083.
Ahmaruzzaman, M. 2010. A review on the utilization of fly ash. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 36(3): 327–363.
Arao, T., S. Ishikawa, M. Murakami, K. Abe, Y. Maejima and T. Makino. 2010. Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan. Volume ke-8.
Astera, M. 2018. Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils, Simplified. Di dalam: The Ideal Soil: A Handbook for the New Agriculture v2.0. Vol. 2. hlm. 11.
Baghaie, A., A.H. Khoshgoftarmanesh, M. Afyuni and R. Schulin. 2011. The role of organic and inorganic fractions of cow manure and biosolids on lead sorption. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 57(1): 11–18.
Darmawan and S.I. Wada. 1999. Kinetics of speciation of copper, lead, and zinc loaded to soils that differ in cation exchanger composition at low moisture content. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 30(17–18): 2363–2375.
Eviati dan Sulaeman. 2009. Analisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air, dan Pupuk. Ed ke-2 Prasetyo BH, Santoso D, W LR, editor. Bogor.
Fernández-Jiménez, A. and A. Palomo. 2003. Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential reactivity as alkaline cements. Fuel., 82(18): 2259–2265.
Gaspar, A.P. and C.A.M. Laboski. 2016. Base Saturation: What Is It? Should I Be Concerned? Does It Affect My Fertility Program?. Proc. of the 2016 Wisconsin Crop Management Conference, 55: 55–62.
Gul, I., M. Manzoor, I. Hashmi, M.F. Bhatti, J. Kallerhoff and M. Arshad. 2019. Plant uptake and leaching potential upon application of amendments in soils spiked with heavy metals (Cd and Pb). J. Environ. Manage, 249(February).
Kabała, C. and B. Łabaz. 2018. Relationships between soil pH and base saturation - Conclusions for Polish and international soil classifications. Soil Sci. Annu., 69(4): 206–214.
Khanam, R., A. Kumar, A.K. Nayak, M. Shahid, R. Tripathi, S. Vijayakumar, D. Bhaduri, U. Kumar, S. Mohanty and P. Panneerselvam. 2020. Metal(loid)s (As, Hg, Se, Pb and Cd) in paddy soil: Bioavailability and potential risk to human health. Sci. Total Environ., 699: 134330.
Kumpiene, J., A. Lagerkvist and C. Maurice. 2007. Stabilization of Pb- and Cu-contaminated soil using coal fly ash and peat. Environ. Pollut., 145(1): 365–373.
Liu, L., H. Chen, P. Cai, W. Liang and Q. Huang. 2009. Immobilization and phytotoxicity of Cd in contaminated soil amended with chicken manure compost. J. Hazard. Mater., 163(2–3): 563–567.
Matsi, T. and V.Z. Keramidas. 1999. Fly ash application on two acid soils and its effect on soil salinity, pH, B, P and on ryegrass growth and composition. Environ. Pollut., 104(1): 107–112.
Mohammadi, A.A., A. Zarei, M. Esmaeilzadeh, M. Taghavi, M. Yousefi, Z. Yousefi, F. Sedighi and S. Javan. 2020. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Health Risks Assessment in Soils Around an Industrial Zone in Neyshabur, Iran. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 195(1): 343–352..
Mudgal, V., N. Madaan, A. Mudgal, R.B. Singh and S. Mishra. 2010. Effect of toxic metals on human health. Open Nutraceuticals J., 3(1): 94–99.
Ram, L.C. and R.E. Masto. 2014. Fly ash for soil amelioration: A review on the influence of ash blending with inorganic and organic amendments. Earth-Science Rev., 128(October): 52–74.
Sandeep, G., K.R. Vijayalatha and T. Anitha. 2019. Heavy metals and its impact in vegetable crops. ~ 1612 ~ Int. J. Chem. Stud., 7(1): 1612–1621.
Shaheen, S.M., P.S. Hooda and C.D. Tsadilas. 2014. Opportunities and challenges in the use of coal fly ash for soil improvements - A review. J. Environ. Manage., 145: 249–267.
Sudadi, U., S. Sabiham, A. Sutandi dan M.S. Saeni. 2018. Inaktivasi In Situ Pencemaran Kadmium dan plumblum pada Tanah Pertanian Menggunakan Amelioran dan Pupuk pada Dosis Rasional untuk Budidaya Tanaman [Disertasi]. IPB University. Bogor.
Tawanda, M,, A.T. Kugedera and L.K. Kokerai. 2019. Role of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizers in improving maize productivity in semi-arid areas of zimbabwe. Octa J. Environ. Res., 7(3): 122–129.
Tinajero, M.P. 2023. Becoming Soil : Five Contemporary Cases in Eco Materialism ( On Art , Fermentation, and Soil Remediation ) [Disertasi]. The Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Art. Portland.
Wang, F.Y., Z.Y. Shi, X.F. Xu, X.G. Wang, Y.J. Li. 2013. Contribution of AM inoculation and cattle manure to lead and cadmium phytoremediation by tobacco plants. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 15(4): 794–801.
West, S.S. 1993. pH influence on selectivity and retention of heavy metals in some clay soils. Can. Geotech. J., 30: 821-833.
Xu, D., P. Ji, L. Wang, X. Zhao, X. Hu, X. Huang, H. Zhao and F. Liu. 2021. Effect of modified fly ash on environmental safety of two soils contaminated with cadmium and lead. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 215: 112175.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Faculty of Agriculture Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University