Spatial Equity Analysis of Public Facilities in South Tangerang City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jsil.11.1.33-42Keywords:
accessibility, nearest neighbour analysis, network analysis, public facility, spatial equityAbstract
The rapid urban expansion of the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area has placed significant pressure on public service provision in its satellite cities, including South Tangerang City. Despite recording the highest Human Development Index (HDI = 84.16) among the Bodetabek region, access to public facilities remains unequal across sub- districts. This study aims to analyse the spatial equity of public facility distribution in South Tangerang City across three sectors: education (primary, junior, and senior high schools), health (public health centres and hospitals), and public transportation (bus stops and train/commuter rail stations). Spatial analysis was performed using two complementary methods: Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA), which computes the Nearest Neighbour Index (NNI) — a dimensionless ratio comparing observed mean inter-facility distances to those expected under a random spatial distribution — to identify whether facility point patterns are clustered (NNI < 0.7), random (0.8–1.4), or dispersed (NNI > 1.5); and network-based Service Area Analysis, which delineates reachable zones from each facility via the actual road network. Data were sourced from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and the Indonesian National Topographic Map (RBI BIG 2022), processed in QGIS using the QuickOSM plugin and QNEAT3 network analysis toolbox. Results indicate that most facilities exhibit a clustered distribution pattern, particularly bus stops (NNI = 0.298), schools (NNI = 0.603), and hospitals (NNI = 0.603). Service area analysis revealed significant blank spots primarily in health and transportation sectors: four sub-districts — Pakulonan, Pondok Cabe Udik, Keranggan, and Pakujaya — fall outside the ideal community health centers/clinics service radius, while seven sub-districts are located more than 5 km from the nearest train/commuter rail station. Education and hospital coverage generally meets service standards at the sub-district scale. These findings confirm that public facility distribution in South Tangerang City has not fully satisfied the principle of spatial equity, and that access to public services continues to be determined largely by place of residence.
References
[1] BPS. Kota Tangerang Selatan dalam Angka 2025. Vol. 15. Tangerang Selatan: BPS Kota Tangerang Selatan; 2025.
[2] BPS. Kota Tangerang Selatan dalam Angka 2025. Vol. 15. Tangerang Selatan: BPS Kota Tangerang Selatan; 2025. [⚠ FILL: differentiate or merge citations 1 and 2 — use same source or split]
[3] Simorangkir H. 7.046 Calon Siswa di Tangsel Dipastikan Tak Tertampung ke SMP Negeri. Metrotvnews. 2 July 2025. [⚠ FILL: add URL/accessed date]
[4] Pangarso Wisanggeni S, Pratama Putra AK, Puteri Rosalina M. 8,8 juta warga Jabodetabek sulit akses transportasi publik. Kompas. 3 February 2022. Available from: https://www.kompas.id/artikel/88-juta-warga-jabodetabek-sulit-akses-transportasi-publik
[5] Febriari S. Ruhamaben-Shinta janji tingkatkan fasilitas kesehatan di Tangsel. MetroNews. 12 November 2024. Available from: https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/N9nCn3J9
[6] Truelove M. Measurement of spatial equity. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. 1993; 11: 19–34.
[7] Bennett RJ. The geography of public finance. London: Methuen; 1980. [and] Bennett RJ. Individual and territorial equity. Geographical Analysis. 1983.
[8] Geurs KT, van Wee B. Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: Review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography. 2004; 12(2): 127–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005
[9] Givoni M, Rietveld P. The access journey to the railway station and its role in passengers' satisfaction with rail travel. Transport Policy. 2007; 14: 357–365.
[10] Rizky NA, Novianti TC, Rahmadi E. Analisis Spasial Keterjangkauan Layanan Fasilitas Kesehatan Dengan Pemodelan Network Analysis. Journal of Plano Studies. 2025; 2(1): 29–40.
[11] Lady MI, Sembel AS, Rengkung MM. Analysis of distribution patterns and accessibility of public schools in Talaud Islands Regency using nearest neighbor and buffering methods. SABUA. 2025; 14(1).
[12] Muazir S, Lestari, Nurhamsyah M, Alhamdani MR, Rudiyono. Pola sebaran dan keterpusatan fasilitas pendidikan sebagai pelayanan publik di Kota Pontianak. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan Wilayah dan Perdesaan. 2022; 6(3): 233–248. DOI: 10.29244/jp2wd.2022.6.3.233-248
[13] Hidayat H. Analisis Aksesibilitas Halte BRT di Kota Purwokerto Menggunakan Metode Buffer Analysis Dalam Perspektif Keadilan Spasial. Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah. 2025; 1(2): 80–93.
[14] Xu R, Yue W, Wei F, Yang G, Chen Y, Pan K. Inequality of public facilities between urban and rural areas and its driving factors in ten cities of China. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1): 13244.
[15] Fathilda IK. Analisis aksesibilitas fasilitas kesehatan di Kabupaten Kudus menggunakan network analyst dan data OpenStreetMap. Jurnal Ekspos. 2025; 3(1). Available from: https://ejurnal.kuduskab.go.id/index.php/ekspos/article/view/50
[16] Clark PJ, Evans FC. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology. 1954; 35(4): 445–453.
[17] Guo Y, He P, Huang J. Exploring the spatial and temporal distribution mechanism and multidimensional influencing factors of traditional villages in the Huaihe River Basin of China based on geographic grids. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2025; 12: 1393. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-05682-2
[18] Cervero R. The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Washington, DC: Island Press; 1998.
[19] Rodrigue JP, Comtois C, Slack B. The Geography of Transport Systems. 4th ed. New York: Routledge; 2017.
[20] O'Sullivan D, Unwin DJ. Geographic Information Analysis. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2010.
[21] World Health Organization. Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
[22] Vuchic VR. Urban Transit Systems and Technology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
[23] Ramadan GF, Maishella A, Darmajaya EP, et al. Analisis keterjangkauan fasilitas kesehatan menggunakan pemodelan network analysis di Kota Yogyakarta. 2021. DOI: 10.24895/SNG.2020.0-0.1133
[24] A'rachman FR, Setiawan C, Insani N, Hijrawadi SN. Spatial Analysis of Public Transportation Accessibility for Pedestrian in Central Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2022; 1039(1): 012044.
[25] Muttaqin MZ, Herwangi Y, Susetyo C, Sefrus T, Subair M. Public transport performance based on the potential demand and service area (case study: Jakarta public transport). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation. 2021; 1(1): 1–7.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, JSIL agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
