Response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus deglupta seedling growth to aluminum exposure
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is one of the problems and is a factor inhibiting plant growth on soils with acidic pH. This study aims to examine the growth response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalypus Deglupta seedlings to Al exposure. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, where the Al concentration consisted of 5 levels, namely: 0 mM (control), 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, and 8 mM with 3 repetitions each and each repetition consisted of 3 units of the plant. The results showed that Al treatment had a significant effect on the growth parameters of both plant types, except for the root dry weight parameter for E. deglupta. Increasing the Al concentration can reduce almost all growth parameters. The 4 mM Al concentration was able to increase the height growth, plant dry weight (roots and shoots), and tolerance index for the E. pellita species, while the Al 2 mM concentration was able to increase the root growth of E. deglupta plants. Almost all growth parameters for E. pellita species were higher than that of E. deglupta, except for the SPAD chlorophyll index. The concentrations of 6 mM and 8 mM were toxic to E. pellita and E. deglupta.
References
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Ahmad, J., Baig, M., A., Ali, A., A., Al-Huqail, Ibrahim, M., M., & Qureshi, M., I. (2018). Differential antioxidative and biochemical responses to aluminium stress in Brassica juncea cultivars. Hortic Environ Biotechnol. 1-13. doi: 10.1007/s13580-018-0068-1.
Al-Snafi AE. 2017. The pharmacological and therapeutic importance of eucalyptus spesies grown in Iraq. IOSR J Pharm. 7: 72-91.
Ali B, Hasan S, Hayat S, Hayat Q, Yadav S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A. 2008. A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean. Environ Exp Bot. 62: 153-59.
Balsberg Pahlsson AM. 1990. Influence of aluminum on biomass, nutrients, soluble carbohydrate and phenols in beech (Fagus sylvatica). Physiol Plant. 78: 79-84.
Barceló J, Poschenrieder C. 2002. Fast root growth responses, root exudates and internal detoxification as clues to the mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance. Environ Exp Bot. 48: 75-92.
Bayle GK. 2019. Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment. J Biodivers Conserv Bioresour Manag. 5: 93-104. doi: 10.3329/jbcbm.v5i1.42189.
Berek AK. 2019. The potential of biochar as an acid soil amendement to support Indonesian food and energy security-a review. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci. 42: 745-759.
Brian M, Zhou M, Sun D, Li C. 2013. Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants. Crop J. 1: 91-104.
Chandran D, Sharopova N, VandenBosch KA, Garvin DF, Samac DA. 2008. Physiological and molecular characterization of aluminum resistance in Medicago truncatula. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 1-17.
Chaverri C, Ciccio JF. 2018. Essential oil from Eucalyptus deglupta (Myrtaceae) cultivated in Costa Rica. Am J Essent Oil Nat Prod. 6: 1-6.
Das M, Maiti SK. 2005. Metal mine waste and phytoremediation. Asian J Water Environ Pollut. 4: 169-176.
Delhaize E, Ma JF, Ryan PR. 2012. Transcriptional regulation of aluminium tolerance genes. Trends Plant Sci. 17: 341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.008.
Delgado-Matas C, Pukkala T. 2011. Comparison of the growth of six eucalyptus species in Angola. Int J For Res. 2011: 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2011/980259.
Dhakad AK, Pandey VV, Beg S, Rawat JM, Singh A. 2018. Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. J Sci Food Agric. 98: 833-848. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8600.
Foy CD. 1983. The physiology of plant adaptation to mineral stress. J. Res. 57: 355-342.
Illéš P, Schlicht M, Pavlovkin J, Lichtscheidl I, Baluška F, Ovecka M. 2006. Aluminium toxicity in plants: internalisation of aluminium into cells of the transition zone in ARABIDOPSIS root apices relates to changes in plasma membrane potential, endosomal behaviour and nitric oxide production. J Exp Bot. 57: 4201-13.
Herndon MJ. 2015 Aluminum poisoning of humanity and earth’s biota by clandestine geoengineering activity: implications for India. Current Sci. 108: 2173-2177.
Kochian LV, Pineros MA, Hoekenga OA. 2005. The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity. Plant Soil. 274: 175-195.
Kollmeier M, Felle HH, Horst WJ. 2000. Genotypical differences in aluminum resistance of maize are expressed in the distal part of the transition zone. Is reduced basipetal auxin flow involved in inhibition of root elongation by aluminum?. Plant Physiol. 122: 945-956
Jagger P, Pender J. 2001. The role of trees for sustainable management of less-favored lands: the case of eucalyptus in Ethiopia. For Policy Econ. 5: 83-95.
Li T, Yang P, Zhang A, Zou X, Peng L, Wang R, Yang J, Qi YY. 2012) Differential responses of the diazotrophic communityt to aluminium-tolerant and aluminium-sensitive soybean genotypes in acidic soil. Eur J Soil Biol. 53: 76-85.
Long A, Zhang J, Yang L-T, Ye X, Lai N-W, Tan L-L, Lin D, Chen L-S. 2017. Effects of Low pH on Photosynthesis, Related Physiological Parameters, and Nutrient Profiles of Citrus. Front Plant Sci. 8: 185. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00185.
Lukmandaru, G., Zumaini, U.F., Soeprijadi, D., Nugroho, W.D. & Susanto, M. (2016). Chemical properties and fiber dimension of Eucalyptus pellita from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo, Indonesia. J Kor Wood Sci Technol. 44: 571-588.
Lux HB, Cumming JR. 1999. Effect of alumunium on the grwoth and nutrition of tulip-poplar seedlings. Can J For Res. 29: 2003-2007. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-29-12-2003.
Lux HB, Cumming JR. 2001. Mycorrhizae confer aluminum resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings. Can J For Res. 31: 694-702. doi: 10.1139/x01-004.
Ma JF. 2000. Role of organic acids in detoxification of aluminum in higher plants. Plant cell physiol. 41: 383-390.
Malan FS. 2005. The effect of planting density on the wood quality of South African-grown Eucalyptus grandis. South Afr For J. 205: 31-37. doi: 10.2989/10295920509505235.
Mendes TP, de Oliveira FL, Tomaz MA. 2018. Aluminum toxicity effect on the initial growth of yacon plantlets. Rev Ceres Viçosa. 65: 120-126. doi: 10.1590/0034-737x201865020002.
Meriño-Gergichecich, Albedi M, Ivanov AG, Reyez-Díaz M. 2010. Al3+-Ca2+ interaction in plants growing in acid soils: al-phytotoxicity response to calcareous amendments. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 10: 217-243.
Nunes-Nesi A, Brito DS, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Fernie AR, Araújo WL. 2014. The complex role of mitochondrial metabolism in plant aluminum resistance. Trends Plant Sci. 19: 399-407.
Mossor-Pietraszewska T. 2001. Effect of aluminium on plant growth and metabolism. Acta Biochim Pol. 48: 673-686.
Pamoengkas P, Maharani PL. 2018. Site Management Eucalyptus pellita at PT. Perawang Sukses Perkasa Industri, Riau. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 9: 79-84.
Panda SK, Baluska F, Matsumoto H. 2009. Aluminum stress signaling in plants. Plant Signal Behav. 4: 592-597.
Pereira WE, de Siqueira DL, Puiatt M, Martinez CA, Salomao LCC, Cecon PR. 2003. Growth of citrus rootstock under alumunium stress in hydroponics. Sci Agric. 60: 31-41.
Pineros MA, Shaff JE, Manslank HS, Alves VMC, Kochian LV. 2005. Aluminum resistance in maize cannot be solely explain by root organic acid exudation. A comparative physiologycal sudy. Plant physiol. 137: 231-241.
Rangel AF, Rao IM, Horst WJ. 2007. Spatial aluminium sensitivity of root apices of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes with contrasting aluminium resistance. J Exp Bot. 58: 3895-904.
Rassaeifar M, Hosseini N, Asl NHH, Zandi P, Aghdam AM. 2013. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus globulus’ essential oil on seed germination and seedling establishment of Amaranthus blitoides and Cyndon dactylon. Trakia J Sci 11: 73-81.
Ryan PR, Ditomaso JM, Kochian LV. 1993. Aluminium toxicity in roots: an investigation of spatial sensitivity and the role of the root cap. J Exp Bot. 44: 437-446.
Setyaji T, Sunarti S, Nirsatmanto A. 2016. Early growth and stand volume productivity of selected clones of Eucalyptus pellita. Indones J For Res. 3: 27-32. doi: 10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.27-32.
Silva IR, Novais RF, Jham GN, Barros NF, Gebrim FO, Nunes FN, Neves JCL, Leite FP. 2004. Responses of eucalypt species to aluminum: the possible involvement of low molecular weight organic acid in the Al tolerance mechanism. Tree Physiol 24: 1267-1277.
Singh S, Tripathi DK, Singh S, Sharma S, Dubey NK, Chauhan DK, Vaculík M. 2017. Toxicity of aluminium on various levels of plant cells and organism: a review. Environ Exp Bot. 137: 177–193. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.01.005.
Smith ED, Naik, Cumming JR. 2011. Genotypic variation in aluminum resistance, cellular aluminum fraction, callosa and pectin formation and organic acid accumulation in roots of populus hybrids. Environ, Exp, Bot. 72: 182-193.
Sopandie D. 1999. Genotypic differential of aluminum tolerance in soybean related to organic acid exudation and nitrate metabolism. Comm Agric. 5. 13-20.
Steiner, F., Zoz, T., Junior, A., S., P., Castagnara, D., D., & Dransju, J., A., L. (2012). Effects of aluminum on plant growth and nutrient uptake in young physic nut plants. Semin Ciênc Agrár. 33: 1779-1788.
Tahara K, Norisada M, Yamanoshita T, Kojima K. 2008. Role of aluminum-binding ligands in aluminum resistance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melaleuca cajuputi. Plant Soil. 302: 175-187.
Teng W, Kang Y, Hou W, Hu H, Luo W, Wei J, Wang L, Zhang B. (2018) Phosphorus application reduces aluminum toxicity in two Eucalyptus clones by increasing its accumulation in roots and decreasing its content in leaves. PLoS ONE. 13: e0190900. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190900.
Utama, M. Z. H. (2008). Physiological mechanisms in Al-tolerant of legume cover crops species to the metabolism of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrite (N03-). Bul Agron. 36: 176-180.
Vecchio MG, Loganes C, Minto C. 2016. Benefical and health properties of eucalyptus plants: a great potential use. Open Agric. 10: 52-57. doi: 10.2174/1874331501610010052.
Yang M, Huang SX, Fang SZ, Huang XL. 2011. Response of seedling growth of four Eucalyptus clones to acid and aluminum. Plant Nutr Fertil Sci. 17, 195-201.
Yang ZB, Rao IM, Horst WJ. 2013. Interaction of aluminium and drougth stress on root growth and crop yield on yield on acid soils. Plant Soil. 1-23.
Yang M, Tan L, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Cheng F, Ye S, Jiang W. 2015. Efect of low pH and aluminum toxicity on the photosynthetic characteristics of diferent fast-growing Eucalyptus vegetatively propagated clones. PLoS ONE, 10: e0130963.
Ying XF, Liu P. 2005. Effects of aluminum stress on photosynthetic characters of soybean. Chinese J ApplEcol. 16: 166-170.
Yu HN, Liu P, Wang ZY, Chen WR, Xu GD. 2011. The effect of aluminium treatment on the root growth and cell untrastructure of two soybean genotypes. Crop Protect. 30. 323-328.
Yuniarti K, Nirsatmanto A. 2018. Several physical properties of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell from different provenances and sampling position on tree. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallace. 7: 151-163. doi: 10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss2pp151-163.
Abdalla MM. 2008. Physiological aspects of aluminium toxicity on some metabolic and hormonal contents of Hordeum vulgare seedlings. Aust J Basic App Sci. 2: 549-560.
Ahmad, J., Baig, M., A., Ali, A., A., Al-Huqail, Ibrahim, M., M., & Qureshi, M., I. (2018). Differential antioxidative and biochemical responses to aluminium stress in Brassica juncea cultivars. Hortic Environ Biotechnol. 1-13. doi: 10.1007/s13580-018-0068-1.
Al-Snafi AE. 2017. The pharmacological and therapeutic importance of eucalyptus spesies grown in Iraq. IOSR J Pharm. 7: 72-91.
Ali B, Hasan S, Hayat S, Hayat Q, Yadav S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A. 2008. A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean. Environ Exp Bot. 62: 153-59.
Balsberg Pahlsson AM. 1990. Influence of aluminum on biomass, nutrients, soluble carbohydrate and phenols in beech (Fagus sylvatica). Physiol Plant. 78: 79-84.
Barceló J, Poschenrieder C. 2002. Fast root growth responses, root exudates and internal detoxification as clues to the mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance. Environ Exp Bot. 48: 75-92.
Bayle GK. 2019. Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment. J Biodivers Conserv Bioresour Manag. 5: 93-104. doi: 10.3329/jbcbm.v5i1.42189.
Berek AK. 2019. The potential of biochar as an acid soil amendement to support Indonesian food and energy security-a review. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci. 42: 745-759.
Brian M, Zhou M, Sun D, Li C. 2013. Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants. Crop J. 1: 91-104.
Chandran D, Sharopova N, VandenBosch KA, Garvin DF, Samac DA. 2008. Physiological and molecular characterization of aluminum resistance in Medicago truncatula. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 1-17.
Chaverri C, Ciccio JF. 2018. Essential oil from Eucalyptus deglupta (Myrtaceae) cultivated in Costa Rica. Am J Essent Oil Nat Prod. 6: 1-6.
Das M, Maiti SK. 2005. Metal mine waste and phytoremediation. Asian J Water Environ Pollut. 4: 169-176.
Delhaize E, Ma JF, Ryan PR. 2012. Transcriptional regulation of aluminium tolerance genes. Trends Plant Sci. 17: 341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.008.
Delgado-Matas C, Pukkala T. 2011. Comparison of the growth of six eucalyptus species in Angola. Int J For Res. 2011: 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2011/980259.
Dhakad AK, Pandey VV, Beg S, Rawat JM, Singh A. 2018. Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. J Sci Food Agric. 98: 833-848. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8600.
Foy CD. 1983. The physiology of plant adaptation to mineral stress. J. Res. 57: 355-342.
Illéš P, Schlicht M, Pavlovkin J, Lichtscheidl I, Baluška F, Ovecka M. 2006. Aluminium toxicity in plants: internalisation of aluminium into cells of the transition zone in ARABIDOPSIS root apices relates to changes in plasma membrane potential, endosomal behaviour and nitric oxide production. J Exp Bot. 57: 4201-13.
Herndon MJ. 2015 Aluminum poisoning of humanity and earth’s biota by clandestine geoengineering activity: implications for India. Current Sci. 108: 2173-2177.
Kochian LV, Pineros MA, Hoekenga OA. 2005. The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity. Plant Soil. 274: 175-195.
Kollmeier M, Felle HH, Horst WJ. 2000. Genotypical differences in aluminum resistance of maize are expressed in the distal part of the transition zone. Is reduced basipetal auxin flow involved in inhibition of root elongation by aluminum?. Plant Physiol. 122: 945-956
Jagger P, Pender J. 2001. The role of trees for sustainable management of less-favored lands: the case of eucalyptus in Ethiopia. For Policy Econ. 5: 83-95.
Li T, Yang P, Zhang A, Zou X, Peng L, Wang R, Yang J, Qi YY. 2012) Differential responses of the diazotrophic communityt to aluminium-tolerant and aluminium-sensitive soybean genotypes in acidic soil. Eur J Soil Biol. 53: 76-85.
Long A, Zhang J, Yang L-T, Ye X, Lai N-W, Tan L-L, Lin D, Chen L-S. 2017. Effects of Low pH on Photosynthesis, Related Physiological Parameters, and Nutrient Profiles of Citrus. Front Plant Sci. 8: 185. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00185.
Lukmandaru, G., Zumaini, U.F., Soeprijadi, D., Nugroho, W.D. & Susanto, M. (2016). Chemical properties and fiber dimension of Eucalyptus pellita from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo, Indonesia. J Kor Wood Sci Technol. 44: 571-588.
Lux HB, Cumming JR. 1999. Effect of alumunium on the grwoth and nutrition of tulip-poplar seedlings. Can J For Res. 29: 2003-2007. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-29-12-2003.
Lux HB, Cumming JR. 2001. Mycorrhizae confer aluminum resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings. Can J For Res. 31: 694-702. doi: 10.1139/x01-004.
Ma JF. 2000. Role of organic acids in detoxification of aluminum in higher plants. Plant cell physiol. 41: 383-390.
Malan FS. 2005. The effect of planting density on the wood quality of South African-grown Eucalyptus grandis. South Afr For J. 205: 31-37. doi: 10.2989/10295920509505235.
Mendes TP, de Oliveira FL, Tomaz MA. 2018. Aluminum toxicity effect on the initial growth of yacon plantlets. Rev Ceres Viçosa. 65: 120-126. doi: 10.1590/0034-737x201865020002.
Meriño-Gergichecich, Albedi M, Ivanov AG, Reyez-Díaz M. 2010. Al3+-Ca2+ interaction in plants growing in acid soils: al-phytotoxicity response to calcareous amendments. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 10: 217-243.
Nunes-Nesi A, Brito DS, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Fernie AR, Araújo WL. 2014. The complex role of mitochondrial metabolism in plant aluminum resistance. Trends Plant Sci. 19: 399-407.
Mossor-Pietraszewska T. 2001. Effect of aluminium on plant growth and metabolism. Acta Biochim Pol. 48: 673-686.
Pamoengkas P, Maharani PL. 2018. Site Management Eucalyptus pellita at PT. Perawang Sukses Perkasa Industri, Riau. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 9: 79-84.
Panda SK, Baluska F, Matsumoto H. 2009. Aluminum stress signaling in plants. Plant Signal Behav. 4: 592-597.
Pereira WE, de Siqueira DL, Puiatt M, Martinez CA, Salomao LCC, Cecon PR. 2003. Growth of citrus rootstock under alumunium stress in hydroponics. Sci Agric. 60: 31-41.
Pineros MA, Shaff JE, Manslank HS, Alves VMC, Kochian LV. 2005. Aluminum resistance in maize cannot be solely explain by root organic acid exudation. A comparative physiologycal sudy. Plant physiol. 137: 231-241.
Rangel AF, Rao IM, Horst WJ. 2007. Spatial aluminium sensitivity of root apices of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes with contrasting aluminium resistance. J Exp Bot. 58: 3895-904.
Rassaeifar M, Hosseini N, Asl NHH, Zandi P, Aghdam AM. 2013. Allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus globulus’ essential oil on seed germination and seedling establishment of Amaranthus blitoides and Cyndon dactylon. Trakia J Sci 11: 73-81.
Ryan PR, Ditomaso JM, Kochian LV. 1993. Aluminium toxicity in roots: an investigation of spatial sensitivity and the role of the root cap. J Exp Bot. 44: 437-446.
Setyaji T, Sunarti S, Nirsatmanto A. 2016. Early growth and stand volume productivity of selected clones of Eucalyptus pellita. Indones J For Res. 3: 27-32. doi: 10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.27-32.
Silva IR, Novais RF, Jham GN, Barros NF, Gebrim FO, Nunes FN, Neves JCL, Leite FP. 2004. Responses of eucalypt species to aluminum: the possible involvement of low molecular weight organic acid in the Al tolerance mechanism. Tree Physiol 24: 1267-1277.
Singh S, Tripathi DK, Singh S, Sharma S, Dubey NK, Chauhan DK, Vaculík M. 2017. Toxicity of aluminium on various levels of plant cells and organism: a review. Environ Exp Bot. 137: 177–193. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.01.005.
Smith ED, Naik, Cumming JR. 2011. Genotypic variation in aluminum resistance, cellular aluminum fraction, callosa and pectin formation and organic acid accumulation in roots of populus hybrids. Environ, Exp, Bot. 72: 182-193.
Sopandie D. 1999. Genotypic differential of aluminum tolerance in soybean related to organic acid exudation and nitrate metabolism. Comm Agric. 5. 13-20.
Steiner, F., Zoz, T., Junior, A., S., P., Castagnara, D., D., & Dransju, J., A., L. (2012). Effects of aluminum on plant growth and nutrient uptake in young physic nut plants. Semin Ciênc Agrár. 33: 1779-1788.
Tahara K, Norisada M, Yamanoshita T, Kojima K. 2008. Role of aluminum-binding ligands in aluminum resistance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melaleuca cajuputi. Plant Soil. 302: 175-187.
Teng W, Kang Y, Hou W, Hu H, Luo W, Wei J, Wang L, Zhang B. (2018) Phosphorus application reduces aluminum toxicity in two Eucalyptus clones by increasing its accumulation in roots and decreasing its content in leaves. PLoS ONE. 13: e0190900. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190900.
Utama, M. Z. H. (2008). Physiological mechanisms in Al-tolerant of legume cover crops species to the metabolism of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrite (N03-). Bul Agron. 36: 176-180.
Vecchio MG, Loganes C, Minto C. 2016. Benefical and health properties of eucalyptus plants: a great potential use. Open Agric. 10: 52-57. doi: 10.2174/1874331501610010052.
Yang M, Huang SX, Fang SZ, Huang XL. 2011. Response of seedling growth of four Eucalyptus clones to acid and aluminum. Plant Nutr Fertil Sci. 17, 195-201.
Yang ZB, Rao IM, Horst WJ. 2013. Interaction of aluminium and drougth stress on root growth and crop yield on yield on acid soils. Plant Soil. 1-23.
Yang M, Tan L, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Cheng F, Ye S, Jiang W. 2015. Efect of low pH and aluminum toxicity on the photosynthetic characteristics of diferent fast-growing Eucalyptus vegetatively propagated clones. PLoS ONE, 10: e0130963.
Ying XF, Liu P. 2005. Effects of aluminum stress on photosynthetic characters of soybean. Chinese J ApplEcol. 16: 166-170.
Yu HN, Liu P, Wang ZY, Chen WR, Xu GD. 2011. The effect of aluminium treatment on the root growth and cell untrastructure of two soybean genotypes. Crop Protect. 30. 323-328.
Yuniarti K, Nirsatmanto A. 2018. Several physical properties of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell from different provenances and sampling position on tree. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallace. 7: 151-163. doi: 10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss2pp151-163.
Authors
SalimM. A. S., SetyaningsihL., WahyudiI. and BudiS. W. (2022) “Response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalyptus deglupta seedling growth to aluminum exposure”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 12(2), pp. 246-258. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.12.2.246-258.
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