Sustainability Analysis of Environmental Waste Alleviation through Bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Case Study in Depok City, Indonesia

Sunarto Zulkifli, Anuraga Jayanegara, Bambang Pramudya Noorachmat, Melta Rini Fahmi, Tjondroargo Tandio

Abstract

Depok City, Indonesia, faces significant challenges with a population of over 2 million people, substantially impacting waste issues, particularly food waste, contributing to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. To support sustainable development goals, it is crucial to reduce food loss. To address this problem, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has emerged as a potential solution because of its ability to break down food waste into biomass. Nevertheless, environmental waste management faces challenges such as public awareness, infrastructure limitations, stakeholder engagement, and threats to long-term sustainability. This study aims to identify key leverage points for the sustainability of BSF (Black Soldier Fly) larvae utilization in waste management. The objective of this study was to identify the key sustainability factors. This study used RAPFISH (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) software to find the keys to sustainability. Results reveal that the sustainability status of the utilization of BSF for environmental waste management
is deemed to be “Relatively Sustainable”. The Department of Environmental and Cleanliness plays a pivotal role as a sustainability leverage for this program. 

References

Achillas C, Moussiopoulos N, Karagiannidis A, Banias G, Perkoulidis G. 2013. The Use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to Tackle Waste Management Problems: A Literature Review. Waste Manag Res. 31(2):115–129. doi:10.1177/0734242X12470203.

Ahmad S, Sulistyowati. 2021. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Budidaya Maggot BSF dalam Mengatasi Kenaikan Harga Pakan Ternak. JOURNAL OF EMPOWERMENT. 2(2). https://jurnal.unsur.ac.id/index.php/JE.

Amri S, Martono DN, Supriatna, Soesilo TEB. 2021. Mapping Out the Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Collection Model using Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 716(1):012011. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012011.

Andari G, Ginting NM, Nurdiana R. 2021. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) as a Waste Reduction Agent and an Alternative Livestock Feed. JIPT. 9(3):246. doi:10.23960/jipt.v9i3.p246-252.

Atiqi R, Dimyati M, Gamal A, Pramayuda R. 2022. Appraisal of Building Price in Urban Area Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Data in Depok City. Land. 11(8). doi:10.3390/land11081320.

Attiogbe FK, Ayim NYK, Martey J. 2019. Effectiveness of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Composting Mercury Contaminated Organic Waste. Scientific African. 6. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00205.

Azani SS, Purbaningrum DG. 2023. Implementation of “Zero Waste City” Policy Program Realizing the Smart Environment in Depok City. Jurnal Pubbis. 7(1). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.35722/jurnalpubbis.v7i1.723.

Bohm K, Hatley GA, Robinson BH, Gutiérrez-Ginés MJ. 2022. Black Soldier Fly-Based Bioconversion of Biosolids Creates High-Value Products with Low Heavy Metal Concentrations. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 180. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106149.

Chaerul M, Aliyyu DA. 2020. Penanganan Sampah Skala Kawasan Di Fasilitas Unit Pengolah Sampah Dan Bank Sampah Di Kota Depok. ES. 16(1):85. doi:10.20527/es.v16i1.9004.

Chaudhary A, Gustafson D, Mathys A. 2018. Multi-indicator sustainability assessment of global food systems. Nat Commun. 9(1):848. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03308-7.

Chhandama MVL, Chetia AC, Satyan KB, Supongsenla Ao, Ruatpuia JV, Rokhum SL. 2022. Valorisation of Food Waste to Sustainable Energy and other Value-Added Products: A Review. Bioresource Technology Reports. 17. doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2022.100945.

Delley M, Brunner TA. 2017. Foodwaste within Swiss Households: A Segmentation of the Population and Suggestions for Preventive Measures. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 122:172–184. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.008.

Emilda E, Septiani N, Pratiwi R. 2019. Dampak Pengelolaan Sampah di TPA Cipayung pada Kesehatan Masyarakat. JIIK-WK. 5(2). doi:10.33485/jiik-wk.v5i2.138. [accessed 2023 Nov 7]. http://journal.stikes-kapuasraya.ac.id/index.php/JIIK-WK/article/view/138.

Fahmi MR, Nurjanah N, Sudadi A, Adanitri G, Melisza N. 2021. The Nutrient Content of Nile Tilapia Fed With Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355218195.

Fajri NA, Harmayani R. 2020. Biokonversi Limbah Organik Menjadi Magot Sebagai Sumber Protein Pengganti Tepung Ikan. JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN. 6(2):223–231. doi:10.29303/jstl.v6i2.173.

Fu SF, Wang DH, Xie Z, Zou H, Zheng Y. 2022. Producing insect protein from food waste digestate via black soldier fly larvae cultivation: A promising choice for digestate disposal. Science of the Total Environment. 830. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154654.

Hartono R, Anggrainy AD, Bagastyo AY. 2021. Pengaruh Komposisi Sampah dan Feeding Rate terhadap Proses Biokonversi Sampah Organik oleh Larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan. 5(2):181–193. doi:10.33795/jtkl.v5i2.231.

Hasnam LF, Syarief R, Yusuf AM. 2017. Strategi Pengembangan Bank Sampah di Wilayah Depok. JABM. doi:10.17358/jabm.3.3.407. [accessed 2023 Oct 30]. http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jabm/article/view/13637.

Hopkins I, Newman LP, Gill H, Danaher J. 2021. The influence of food waste rearing substrates on black soldier fly larvae protein composition: A systematic review. Insects. 12(7). doi:10.3390/insects12070608.

Iacovidou E, Voulvoulis N. 2018. A multi-criteria sustainability assessment framework: development and application in comparing two food waste management options using a UK region as a case study. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25(36):35821–35834. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2479-z.

Irawan AC, Astuti DA, Wibawan IWT, Hermana W. 2019. Impact of the Feeding with the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) on Egg Physical Quality, Egg Chemical Quality and Lipid Metabolism of Laying Hens. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 1351. Institute of Physics Publishing.

Ivic A, Saviolidis NM, Johannsdottir L. 2021. Drivers of Sustainability Practices and Contributions to Sustainable Development Evident in Sustainability Reports of European Mining Companies. Discov Sustain. 2(1):17. doi:10.1007/s43621-021-00025-y.

Jayanegara A, Haryati RP, Nafisah A, Suptijah P, Ridla M, Laconi EB. 2020. Derivatization of chitin and chitosan from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and their use as feed additives: An in vitro study. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 8(5):472–477. doi:10.17582/JOURNAL.AAVS/2020/8.5.472.477.

Jayanegara A, Novandri B, Yantina N, Ridla M. 2017. Use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) to substitute soybean meal in ruminant diet: An in vitro rumen fermentation study. Veterinary World. 10(12):1439–1446. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.1439-1446.

Julita U, Fatimah S, Suryani Y, Kinasih I, Fitri L, Permana A. 2020. Bioconversion of Food Waste by Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae L.) for Alternative Animal Feed Stock. European Alliance for Innovation n.o.

Kavanagh P, Pitcher TJ. 2004. Implementing Microsoft Excel software for Rapfish : a technique for the rapid appraisal of fisheries status. doi:10.14288/1.0074801. [accessed 2023 Nov 21]. https://doi.library.ubc.ca/10.14288/1.0074801.

Khaemba CN, Kidoido MM, Owuor G, Tanga CM. 2022. Consumers’ perception towards eggs from laying hens fed commercial black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal-based feeds. Poultry Science. 101(3). doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101645.

Kholil K. 2014. The Use of MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) Method to Analyze the Level of Sustainability of Fisheries Resources Management in Thousand Islands, Indonesia. International Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0027.

Kocmanová A, Šimberová I. 2014. Determination of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance Indicators: Framework in the Measurement of Sustainable Performance. Journal of Business Economics and Management. 15(5):1017–1033. doi:10.3846/16111699.2013.791637.

Limbu SM, Shoko AP, Ulotu EE, Luvanga SA, Munyi FM, John JO, Opiyo MA. 2022. Black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens, L .) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed efficiency and economic returns of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus, L .) fry. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries. 2(3):167–178. doi:10.1002/aff2.48.

Majid A, Novita E, Gusniani I, Hartono DM. 2021. Mapping of solid waste generation and collection by using GIS: A case study in Depok City. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 716(1):012024. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012024.

Negri C, Ricci M, Zilio M, D’Imporzano G, Qiao W, Dong R, Adani F. 2020. Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste for Bio-Energy Production in China and Southeast Asia: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110138.

Nguyen TTX, Tomberlin JK, Vanlaerhoven S. 2015. Ability of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae to Recycle Food Waste. Environmental Entomology. 44(2):406–410. doi:10.1093/ee/nvv002.

Niu SH, Liu S, Deng WK, Wu RT, Cai YF, Liao XD, Xing SC. 2022. A Sustainable and Economic Strategy to Reduce Risk Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Poultry Manure Bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly Hermetia Illucens Larvae: Larval Density Adjustment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 232. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113294.

Paramita D, Murtilaksono K, Manuwoto M. 2018. Kajian Pengelolaan Sampah Berdasarkan Daya Dukung dan Kapasitas Tampung Prasarana Persampahan Kota Depok. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning. 2(2):104. doi:10.29244/jp2wd.2018.2.2.104-117.

Park BS, Um KH, Choi WK, Park SO. 2017. Effect of Feeding Black Soldier Fly Pupa Meal in the Diet on Egg Production, Egg Quality, Blood Lipid Profiles and Faecal Bacteria in Laying Hens. European Poultry Science. 81. doi:10.1399/eps.2017.202.

Patterson PH, Acar N, Ferguson AD, Trimble LD, Sciubba HB, Koutsos EA. 2021. The impact of dietary Black Soldier Fly larvae oil and meal on laying hen performance and egg quality. Poultry Science. 100(8). doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101272.

Pubule J, Blumberga A, Romagnoli F, Blumberga D. 2015. Finding an Optimal Solution for Biowaste Management in the Baltic States. Journal of Cleaner Production. 88:214–223. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.053.

Ramadhanty NR, Setiawan JF, Aini S, Putra A, Arisandi P. 2022. Rapfish Analysis (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) for Sustainability of Lobster (Panulirus Sp.) in Coastal Cilacap With a Blue Economy Approach to Maritime Security. 85.

Ratnawati B, Yani M, Suprihatin S, Hardjomidjojo H, Cholik TN, Ardiyani QT. 2022. Comparison of municipal solid waste landfill management in Depok City and Klaten Regency. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1109. Institute of Physics.

Rodrigues AP, Fernandes ML, Rodrigues MFF, Bortoluzzi SC, Gouvea Da Costa SE, Pinheiro De Lima E. 2018. Developing criteria for performance assessment in municipal solid waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production. 186:748–757. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.067.

Rois M, Mubarak A, Suzianti A. 2020. Designing Solution for Organic Waste Management System with Design Thinking Approach (Case Study in Depok). IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 464(1):012002. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/464/1/012002.

Sanjaya Y, Suhara, Nurjhani M, Halimah M. 2019. The role of black soldier fly (BSF) hermetia illuncens as organic waste treatment. J Phys: Conf Ser. 1317(1):012094. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012094.

Setyoadi NH. 2018. Faktor Pendorong Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga Berbasis Partisipasi Masyarakat di Kota Balikpapan dan Bogor. 10.

Stefanović G, Milutinović B, Vučićević B, Denčić-Mihajlov K, Turanjanin V. 2016. A comparison of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Analysis and Synthesis of Parameters under Information Deficiency method for assessing the sustainability of waste management scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production. 130:155–165. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.050.

Sukwika T, Noviana L. 2020. Status Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Sampah Terpadu di TPST-Bantargebang, Bekasi: Menggunakan Rapfish dengan R Statistik. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan. 18(1):107–118. doi:10.14710/jil.18.1.107-118.

Taelman S, Tonini D, Wandl A, Dewulf J. 2018. A Holistic Sustainability Framework for Waste Management in European Cities: Concept Development. Sustainability. 10(7):2184. doi:10.3390/su10072184.

Taufek NM, Lim JZY, Bakar NHA. 2021. Comparative Evaluation of Hermetia Illucens Larvae Reared on Different Substrates for Red Tilapia Diet: Effect on Growth and Body Composition. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 7(1):79–88. doi:10.3920/JIFF2019.0058.

Thorsen M, Skeaff S, Goodman-Smith F, Thong B, Bremer P, Mirosa M. 2022. Upcycled foods: A nudge toward nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition. 9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1071829.

Tonini D, Wandl A, Meister K, Unceta PM, Taelman SE, Sanjuan-Delmás D, Dewulf J, Huygens D. 2020. Quantitative Sustainability Assessment of Household Food Waste Management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 160:104854. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104854.

Tubiello FN, Rosenzweig C, Conchedda G, Karl K, Gütschow J, Xueyao P, Obli-Laryea G, Wanner N, Qiu SY, Barros JD, et al. 2021. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Food Systems: Building the Evidence Base. Environmental Research Letters. 16, 065007(6). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac018e.

Vandermeersch T, Alvarenga RAF, Ragaert P, Dewulf J. 2014. Environmental sustainability assessment of food waste valorization options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 87:57–64. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.03.008.

Wang B, Song J, Ren J, Li K, Duan H, Wang X. 2019. Selecting Sustainable Energy Conversion Technologies for Agricultural Residues: A Fuzzy AHP-Vikor Based Prioritization from Life Cycle Perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 142:78–87. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.011.

Yu Y, Zhang Jia, Zhu F, Fan M, Zheng J, Cai M, Zheng L, Huang F, Yu Z, Zhang Jibin. 2023. Enhanced Protein Degradation by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia Illucens l.) and its gut microbes. Frontiers in Microbiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1095025.

Zulkifli S, Jayanegara A, Pramudya B, Fahmi MR, Rahmadani M. 2023. Alleviation of Selected Environmental Waste through Biodegradation by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: A Meta-Analysis. Recycling. 8(6):83. doi:10.3390/recycling8060083.

Authors

Sunarto Zulkifli
Anuraga Jayanegara
anuraga.jayanegara@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Bambang Pramudya Noorachmat
Melta Rini Fahmi
Tjondroargo Tandio
ZulkifliS., JayanegaraA., NoorachmatB. P., FahmiM. R. and TandioT. (2025) “Sustainability Analysis of Environmental Waste Alleviation through Bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Case Study in Depok City, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 15(1), p. 19. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.15.1.19.

Article Details