Biophysical characteristics of Wosi Watershed area in Manokwari Regency, Indonesia
Abstract
Flood is number one Indonesian natural disaster in the last 10 years and its occurrence at Manokwari is frequently reported. Biophysical condition is playing a key role in carrying capacity of this catchment area.
This study is to determine biophysical characteristics of Wosi Watershed to manage and mitigate flooding in Manokwari. Spatial analysis and field observation methods were used to collect the data. Biophysical variables are rainfall, watershed morphometric, slope, and land used. Carrying capacity is measured using flow regime coefficient and annual flow coefficient. The results showed that the heavy rainfall (> 100 mm) throughout the ten years with 10.5 wet months at average resulting very wet tropical climate. This watershed has an area of 2,346.32 ha, its circumference of 29.95 km2 with river length of 8.38 km resulting 0.33 (triangle) and 1.027 (triangle) for Rc and Re, respectively. This morphometry is rectangular and slightly oval
(triangular) formed of four rivers with drainage pattern of dendritic, which resembles the shape of a tree branch/twig. Steep slopes are dominant (58.5%), with non-forest area (62%) of the flat and steep slope for settlement (698 ha), and flat slope for mixed dry farming (707 ha). From 2016-2020, river water flow changes rapidly from low to very high to generate flooding, but the carrying capacity is sometime changeable from good to bad. Water drainage, retaining walls, replantation, early warning system, and flooding leaflets mitigation campaign, are structural and non-structural mitigation could be parallelly conducted to manage and mitigate the flooding risks in future.
References
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Papaioannou G, Vasiliades L, Loukas A. 2015. Multi-criteria analysis framework for potential flood prone areas mapping. Water Resour Manage, 29, 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014- 0817-6
Savitri E, Pramono IB.2017. Analisis Banjir Cimanuk Hulu 2016 (Upper Cimanuk flood analysis of 2016)Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Journal of Watershed Management Research) Vol. 1 (2): 97-110
Schum SA. 1956. Evolution of drainage system and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy. Geological Society of America 67(5):597−646. https://doi.org/10.1130/00167606(1976)67[597;EODSAS]2.0.CO:2.
Strahler AN. 1964. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: V.T. Chow (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.4.394.76.
Supangat AB. 2012. Karakteristik hidrologi berdasarkan parameter morfometri das di kawasan taman nasional meru betiri (hydrological characteristics based on morphometric parameters of meru betiri national park) Jurnal penelitian hutan dan konservasi alam. Vol. 9 (3): 275-283
Triatmodjo B. 2010. Hidrologi Terapan. Beta Offset. Yogyakarta.
Vannier O, Anguetin S, Braud 1.2016. Investigating the role of geology in the hidrological response of Mediterranean cathment prone to flash floods: regional modeling study and proses understanding. Journal of Hydrology 541:158−172.
Wirosoedarmo R, Haji ATS, Pramesti EM. 2010. Study on form, drainage network, and watershed hydrograph by Using SIMODAS (Case study on Sabu Island - Nusa Tenggara Timur) Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 11(2):123−130.
Worman A, Lindstrom G, Riml J. 2017. The power of runoff. J o u r n a l o f H y d r o l o g y 5 4 8 : 7 8 4 − 7 9 3 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.041.
Yan B, Fang NF, Zhang PC, Shi ZH. 2013. Impacts of land use change on watershed streamflow and sediment yield: An assessment using hydrologic modelling and partial least squares regression. Journal of Hydrology 494:26−37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol. 2013.01.008.
Zhang FB, Bai YJ, Xie LY, Yang MY, Li ZB , Wu XR.2017. Runoff and soil loss characteristics on loess slopes covered with aeolian sand layers of different thicknesses under simulated rainfall. Journal of Hydrology 549:244−251.
Azizah C, Pawitan H, Nuraida, Satriawan H, Abbas R, Robo S, Misnawati. 2021. Karakteristik hidrologi dan dampaknya terhadap banjir Daerah Aliran Sungai Jambo Aye Di Aceh Indonesia (Hydrological Characteristics And Its Impact On Flood Jambo Aye Basin In Aceh Indonesia). JPPDAS. 5(2):171-184
Barokah, I., Purwantoro, D., 2014. Pengaruh variasi debit aliran terhadap gerusan maksimal di bangunan jembatan dengan menggunakan program HEC-RAS. INERSIA Jurnal. 10 (2): 175184.
Biswas S, Kranz WL, Shapiro CA, Snow DD, Hunt SLB, Mamo M, Tarkalson DD, Zhang TC, Shelton DP, Donk SJV, Mader TL. 2017. Effect of rainfall timing and tillage on the transport of steroid hormones in runoff from manure amended row crop fields. Journal Hazardous Materials 324: 436-447.
BNPB,2021. Kejadian bencana alam Indonesia capai 3.058 sepanjang 2021. [diunduh 2021 Juli 2]. Tersedia pada: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/12/29/bnpb-kejadian-bencana-alam-indonesia-capai-3058-sepanjang-2021
BNPB, 2022. Ada 954 bencana alam terjadi di Indonesia sejak awal 2022. [diunduh 2022 Aug 1]. Tersedia pada: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/17/bnpb-ada-954-bencana-alam-terjadi-di-indonesia-sejak-awal-2022
BPDASHL Remu Ransiki. 2016. Laporan monitoring dan evaluasi pengelolaan DAS Wosi tahun 2016. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Jakarta
Budiranto, H.J., Mahmud, Wahyudi, Lekitoo, K., 2015. Jenis endemik papua dan kelimpahan vegetasi pada tanah mediteran di Hutan Lindung Maruni 1 (HLM I) Kabupaten Manokwari.Proseding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesiai(PBI) XXIII:23-34. Jayapura
Dewi NK, Rudiarto I. 2014. Pengaruh Konversi Lahan terhadap Kondisi Lingkungan di
Wilayah Peri-urban Kota Semarang (Studi Kasus: Area Berkembang Kecamatan Gunungpati). Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota. 10 (2), 115-126
Fuchs M, Reverman R, Owen LA, Frankel KL. 2016. Reconstructing the timing of flash floods using dating at Leidy Creek alluvial fan and valley, White Mountains, California–Nevada, USA. Quaternary Research Journal 83(1):178−186. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.yqres.2014.08.006.
Helman D, Osem Y, Yakir D, Lensky IM. 2017. Relationships between climate, topography, water use and productivity in two key Mediterranean forest types with different water-use strategies. Agricultural and Forest. Meteorology Journal.232:319-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.08.018
Junaidi E, Tarigan SD. 2011. Pengaruh Hutan dalam Pengaturan Tata Air dan Proses Sedimentasi Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS): Studi Kasus Di DAS Cisadane. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmiah dan Konservasi Alam, Vol. 8 No. 2: 155-176,
KLHK. 2019. KLHK dan Kementeriann ESDM berkomitmen percepat upaya Reklamsi Hutan dan Rehabilitasi DAS. No:SP.144/HUMAS/PP/HMS.3/4/2019. [diunduh 2020 Feb 8]. Tersedia pada:http://ppid.menlhk.go.id.Acces 23/03/2022
Kusumandari A, Soedjoko SA. 2006. Upaya Konservasi Tanah dan Air untuk Menghambat Laju Degredasi Lahan, Bencana Banjir & Longsor Lahan. Workshop Nasional. Pengendalian Degredasi Lahan Dalam Rangka Mitigasi Banjir Bandang. Yogyakarta
Mahmud, Kusumandari A, Sudarmadji, Supriyatno N. 2018. A study of flood causal priority in Arui Watershed, Manokwari Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika. 24(2):81–94.
Mahmud, Kusumandari A, Sudarmadji, Supriyatno N. 2019a. The species diversity and structure of the limited production forest in Arui Watershed of Manokwari District of West Papua, Indonesia. Biosaintifika JournalofBiology&BiologyEducation. 11(2):279–288.
Mahmud, Kusumandari A, Sudarmadji, Supriyatno N. 2019b. Conservation design and scenario for flood mitigation on Arui Watershed, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography. 51(3):261-272.
Mahmud, Wijaya D, Wahyudi, Kusumandari A. 2021. Evaluasi Daya Dukung dan Skenario Konservasi DAS Wosi di Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat (Evaluation of Carrying Capacity and Conservation Scenarios of Wosi Watershed at Manokwari Regency, West Papua).Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan,15 (2): 231-246.
Mahmud, Wahyudi, Bataradewa S, Budirianto HJ, Mutakim,dan Muhlis LO.2021. Hubungan curah hujan terhadap limpasan permukaan dan sedimen pada berbagai penggunaan lahan di DAS Arui, Kabupaten Manokwari(The Relationship of Rainfall on Surface Runoff and Sediments on Various Land Use in Arui Watershed, Manokwari Regency). J. Il. Tan. Lingk., 23 (2): 85-92
Marfai, M.A., 2011. Impact of coastal inudation on ecology and agricultural land use case study in Central Java, Indonesia. Quaestiones Geographicae. 30 (3):19−31.
Mujiyo, Prasetyo AN, Herawati A, Ariyanto DP, Widijanto H. 2021. Mapping of soil degradation status on various land slope in Paranggupito, Wonogiri. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. 12(1): 46-54.
Nasir A, Saleh MB, Bahruni 2017. Optimization of land use collaborative management model Perum Perhutani: Study case KPH Pekalongan Barat. Jurnal Manajemen H u t a n T r o p i k a 2 3 ( 1 ) : 2 5 − 3 6 . https://doi.org/10.7226/jffm.23.1.25.
Neuvel JMM, Knaap WVD. 2010. A spatial planning perspective for measures concerning flood risk management. International Journal of Water Resources D e v e l o p m e n t . 2 6 ( 2 ) : 2 8 3 – 2 9 6 .http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900621003655668.
Ningkeula ES. 2016.Analisis karakteristik morfometri dan hidrologi Sebagai ciri karakteristik biogeofisik DAS Wai Samal Kecamatan Seram Utara Timur Kobi Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Jurnal Ilmiah agribisnis dan Perikanan (agrikan UMMU-Ternate). 9 (2), 76-86
Ngongondo C, Xu C, Gottschalk L, Alemaw B. 2011. Evaluation of spatial and temporal Chracteristics of rainfall in Malawi:A case of data scarce region.Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 106 (12):7993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0413-0.
Nugroho, H., Cahyadi, A., 2012. Analisis morfometri menggunakan sistem informasi geografis untuk penentuan sub DAS prioritas (Studi kasus mitigasi bencana banjir bandang di DAS Garang Jawa Tengah). SemnasIF 2012. UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, 30 Juni 2012 ISSN 1979-2328. [12 April 2018].
Oktinova N, Rudiarto, I. 2019. Kajian penggunaan lahan di sekitar kawasan bukit Semarang Baru (Study on land use around bukit Semarang Baru area). Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota.15(.4), 262-276.
Paimin, Sukresno, Purwanto. 2010. Sidik cepat degredasi Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai(DAS). Bogor: Putlitbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam.
Paimin, Pramono, I.B., Purwanto, Indrawati, D.R. 2012. Sistem Perencanaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. :Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi. Kementerian Kehutanan. Jakarta.
Pamuji,KE dan Hardianti. 2019. Evaluasi hidrologi Daerah Aliran Sungai Wosi dalam menghadapi curah hujan ekstrim. ISSN:1412 – 1328. Jurnal Natural, Vol 15( 2)67-77
Papaioannou G, Vasiliades L, Loukas A. 2015. Multi-criteria analysis framework for potential flood prone areas mapping. Water Resour Manage, 29, 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014- 0817-6
Savitri E, Pramono IB.2017. Analisis Banjir Cimanuk Hulu 2016 (Upper Cimanuk flood analysis of 2016)Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Journal of Watershed Management Research) Vol. 1 (2): 97-110
Schum SA. 1956. Evolution of drainage system and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy. Geological Society of America 67(5):597−646. https://doi.org/10.1130/00167606(1976)67[597;EODSAS]2.0.CO:2.
Strahler AN. 1964. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: V.T. Chow (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.4.394.76.
Supangat AB. 2012. Karakteristik hidrologi berdasarkan parameter morfometri das di kawasan taman nasional meru betiri (hydrological characteristics based on morphometric parameters of meru betiri national park) Jurnal penelitian hutan dan konservasi alam. Vol. 9 (3): 275-283
Triatmodjo B. 2010. Hidrologi Terapan. Beta Offset. Yogyakarta.
Vannier O, Anguetin S, Braud 1.2016. Investigating the role of geology in the hidrological response of Mediterranean cathment prone to flash floods: regional modeling study and proses understanding. Journal of Hydrology 541:158−172.
Wirosoedarmo R, Haji ATS, Pramesti EM. 2010. Study on form, drainage network, and watershed hydrograph by Using SIMODAS (Case study on Sabu Island - Nusa Tenggara Timur) Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 11(2):123−130.
Worman A, Lindstrom G, Riml J. 2017. The power of runoff. J o u r n a l o f H y d r o l o g y 5 4 8 : 7 8 4 − 7 9 3 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.041.
Yan B, Fang NF, Zhang PC, Shi ZH. 2013. Impacts of land use change on watershed streamflow and sediment yield: An assessment using hydrologic modelling and partial least squares regression. Journal of Hydrology 494:26−37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol. 2013.01.008.
Zhang FB, Bai YJ, Xie LY, Yang MY, Li ZB , Wu XR.2017. Runoff and soil loss characteristics on loess slopes covered with aeolian sand layers of different thicknesses under simulated rainfall. Journal of Hydrology 549:244−251.
Authors
Mahmud, AzizA., WijayaD., Wahyudi, NugrohoB. and MelanesiaD. (2023) “Biophysical characteristics of Wosi Watershed area in Manokwari Regency, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 13(1), pp. 88-101. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.13.1.88-101.
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