Gaining Aquaculture Blue Growth with Low Carbon Emission Shrimp Farming Technology
Abstrak
Emisi karbon dan kaitannya dengan kegiatan budidaya udang semakin mendapat perhatian peneliti dan pemerhati lingkungan. Emisi karbon dan gas rumah kaca lainnya disimpulkan sebagai penyebab perubahan iklim melalui fenomena pemanasan global. Sebaliknya, perubahan iklim terbukti menentukan kelangsungan dan keberlanjutan kegiatan budidaya udang. Dinamika karbon dan keuntungan usaha berbeda pada 3 (tiga) teknologi budidaya (tradisional, semi intensif dan intensif), hal tersebut disebabkan adanya perbedaan jumlah dan jenis input produksi, fasilitas dan infrastruktur, serta perbedaan produktivitas. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan pertumbuhan biru kawasan akuakultur di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Karawang-Jawa Barat terkait dengan emisi karbon dalam kerangka DPSIR dan menggunakan analisis trade off untuk mendapatkan alternatif teknologi budidaya udang yang rendah emisi karbon. Kami menyimpulkan untuk dapat mengurangi emisi karbon dan meningkatkan penyerapan dan simpanan karbon sebagai upaya mewujudkan pertumbuhan biru budidaya udang dapat dilakukan dengan optimalisasi pengawasan penggunaan ruang dan meningkatkan produktivitas budidaya udang. Emisi karbon terendah secara berturut-turut adalah teknologi budidaya udang semi intensif, intensif dan terakhir tradisional.
Referensi
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Ahmed N, Bunting SW, Glaser M, Flaherty MS, Diana JS. 2017. Can greening of aquaculture sequester blue carbon? Ambio. 46:468–477. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0849-7.
Ahmed N, Cheung WWL, Thompson S, Glaser M. 2017. Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation, mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh. Mar. Policy. 82:68–75. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.007.
Ahmed N, Diana JS. 2015. Threatening “white gold”: Impacts of climate change on shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh. Ocean Coastal Management. 114:42–52. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.008.
Ahmed N, Thompson S. 2019. The blue dimensions of aquaculture: A global synthesis. Sci. Total Environ. 652:851–861. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.163.
Aliah RS. 2013. Evaluasi kondisi lingkungan perairan Pantai Utara Karawang untuk mendukung pengembangan perikanan budidaya. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 14 (2): 67-73.
Alongi DM. 2018. Blue Carbon: coastal sequestration for climate change mitigation. Cham: Springer. pp 96. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91698-9.
Amrial Y, Effendi H, Damar A. 2015. Pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove berbasis Silvofishery di Kecamatan Cibuaya, Kabupaten Karawang. Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 5 (1): 59-70.
Bournazel J, Kumara MP, Jayatissa LP, Viergever K, Morel V, Huxham M. 2015. The impacts of shrimp farming on land-use and carbon storage around Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka. Ocean Coastal Management. 113:18–28. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.009.
Brown K, Adger WN, Tompkins E, Bacon P, Shim D, Young K. 2001a. Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management. Ecological Economics. 3: 417-434. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00293-7.
Brown K, Tompkins E, Adger WN. 2001b. Trade-off analysis for participatory coastal zone decision-making. 1st ed. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
Burford M. 1997. Phytoplankton dynamics in shrimp ponds. Aquaculture Research. 28:351–360. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01052.x.
Cooper P. 2013. Socio-ecological accounting: DPSWR, a modified DPSIR framework, and its application to marine ecosystems. Ecological Economic. 94: 106-115. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.07.010.
Dahuri R, Rais J, Ginting SP, Sitepu MJ. 1996. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. pp 305.
Dewata AP. 2013. Analisis potensi gas rumah kaca (CH4 dan CO2 ) pada usaha tambak udang intensif dan persepsi masyarakat dalam pengelolaannya di Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Provinsi Lampung. Master Thesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
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Hill R, Bellgrove A, Macreadie PI, Petrou K, Beardall J, Steven A, Ralph PJ. 2015. Can macroalgae contribute to blue carbon? An Australian perspective. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60:1689–1706. doi:10.1002/lno.10128.
Hilmi E, Parengrengi, Vikaliana R, Kusmana C, Iskandar, Sari LK, Setijanto. 2017. The carbon conservation of mangrove ecosystem applied REDD program. Regional Studies Marine Science. 16:152–161. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2017.08.005.
Kauffman JB, Arifanti VB, Trejo HH, Garcia MCJ, Norflok J, Cifuentes M, Hadriyanto D, Murdiyarso D. 2017. The jumbo carbon footprint of a shrimp: carbon losses from mangrove deforestation. Front Ecol. Environ. 1-6. doi:10.1002/fee.1482.
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norflok J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Rep. Ecol. Apl. 24:518–527. doi:10.1890/13-0640.1.
Kauffman JB, Hernandez TH, Garcia CJM, Heider C, Contreras WM. 2015. Carbon stocks of mangroves and losses arising from their conversion to cattle pastures in the Pantanos de Centla, Mexico. Wetland Ecological Management. 24: 203–216. doi:10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z.
Komarudin RA. 2013. Model perubahan penggunaan lahan pesisir untuk mendukung rencana tata ruang wilayah Kabupaten Karawang. Master Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor.[Indonesian]
Liu H, Ren H, Hui D, Wang W, Liao B, Cao Q. 2014. Carbon stocks and potential carbon storage in the mangrove forests of China. Journal Environmental Management. 133: 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.037.
Martin DM, Piscopo AN, Chintala M, Gleason TR, Berry W. 2018. Developing qualitative ecosystem service relationships with the Driver- Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework: A case study on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecological Indicators. 84 (2018): 404-415. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.047.
Mitra A, Zaman S. 2015. Blue Carbon Reservoir of the Blue Planet. New Delhi: Springer.
Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Valdés L, De Young C, Fonseca L, Grimsditch G. 2009. Blue carbon: The role of healthy oceans in binding carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. Norway.
Nopiana M, Yulianda F, Sulistiono, Fahrudin A. 2020. Condition of shore and mangrove area in the coastal area of Karawang Regency, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. 13(2): 553-569.
Noviyanti E, Rohmat D, Nandi. 2016. Pengaruh Usaha Budidaya Tambak terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Tambak di Kecamatan Cibuaya, Kabupaten Karawang. Antalogi Pendidikan Geografi. 4 (2): 1-14.
Pranoto AK, Haryani EBS, Amdani, Tanjung A. 2019. The impact of coastal degradation on mangrove ecosystem in North Karawang coastal area. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 278 012061 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012061.
Rahman, Effendi H, Rusmana I. 2017. Estimasi Stok dan Serapan karbon pada Mangrove di Sungai Tallo, Makassar Stock Estimation and Carbon Absorption of Mangrove in Tallo River, Makassar. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan. II: 19–28. doi:10.1111/gcb.13051.
Rifqi M, Widigdo B, Mashar A, Wardiatno Y. 2020. CO2 and CH4 flux from the water-air interface of three shrimp culture technologies. AACL Bioflux. 13(2):605-617.
Roscoe JT. 1975. Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York USA. 483 pp.
Semeoshenkova V, Newton A, Rojas M, Piccolo MC, Bustos ML, Cisneros MAH, Berninsone LG. 2016. A combined DPSIR and SAF approach for the adaptive management of beach erosion in Monte Hermoso and Pehuen Co (Argentina). Ocean and Coastal Management. 1-11 doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.015.
Sidik F, Lovelock CE. 2013. CO2 efflux from shrimp ponds in Indonesia. PLoS One. 8:2-6.
Siikamäki J, Sanchirico JN, Jardin, S, McLaughlin D, Morris D. 2013. Blue carbon: coastal ecosystems, their carbon storage, and potential for reducing emissions. Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 55:14–29. doi:10.1080/00139157.2013.843981
Sugiyono. 2008. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D (edisi pertama). Alfabeta. Bandung.
Svarstad H, Petersen LK, Rothman D, Siepel H, Wätzold F. 2008. Discursive biases of the environmental research framework DPSIR. Land Use Policy. 25: 116–25.
Valenti WC, Kimpara JM, Preto BL, Moraes-Valenti P. 2018. Indicators of sustainability to assess aquaculture systems. Ecological Indicators. 88:402-413. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068.
van Huylenbroeck G. 1995. Multicriteria analysis of the conflicts between rural development scenarios in the Gordon Districts, Scotland. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 38(3): 393-407. doi: 10.1080/09640569512931.
Widigdo B, Rifqi M, Mashar A, Nazar F, Wardiatno Y. 2020. The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in ponds. Biodiversitas. 21(11): 5170-5177. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d211123.
Ahmed N, Bunting SW, Glaser M, Flaherty MS, Diana JS. 2017. Can greening of aquaculture sequester blue carbon? Ambio. 46:468–477. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0849-7.
Ahmed N, Cheung WWL, Thompson S, Glaser M. 2017. Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation, mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh. Mar. Policy. 82:68–75. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.007.
Ahmed N, Diana JS. 2015. Threatening “white gold”: Impacts of climate change on shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh. Ocean Coastal Management. 114:42–52. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.008.
Ahmed N, Thompson S. 2019. The blue dimensions of aquaculture: A global synthesis. Sci. Total Environ. 652:851–861. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.163.
Aliah RS. 2013. Evaluasi kondisi lingkungan perairan Pantai Utara Karawang untuk mendukung pengembangan perikanan budidaya. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 14 (2): 67-73.
Alongi DM. 2018. Blue Carbon: coastal sequestration for climate change mitigation. Cham: Springer. pp 96. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91698-9.
Amrial Y, Effendi H, Damar A. 2015. Pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove berbasis Silvofishery di Kecamatan Cibuaya, Kabupaten Karawang. Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 5 (1): 59-70.
Bournazel J, Kumara MP, Jayatissa LP, Viergever K, Morel V, Huxham M. 2015. The impacts of shrimp farming on land-use and carbon storage around Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka. Ocean Coastal Management. 113:18–28. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.009.
Brown K, Adger WN, Tompkins E, Bacon P, Shim D, Young K. 2001a. Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management. Ecological Economics. 3: 417-434. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00293-7.
Brown K, Tompkins E, Adger WN. 2001b. Trade-off analysis for participatory coastal zone decision-making. 1st ed. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
Burford M. 1997. Phytoplankton dynamics in shrimp ponds. Aquaculture Research. 28:351–360. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01052.x.
Cooper P. 2013. Socio-ecological accounting: DPSWR, a modified DPSIR framework, and its application to marine ecosystems. Ecological Economic. 94: 106-115. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.07.010.
Dahuri R, Rais J, Ginting SP, Sitepu MJ. 1996. Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan secara Terpadu. PT. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. pp 305.
Dewata AP. 2013. Analisis potensi gas rumah kaca (CH4 dan CO2 ) pada usaha tambak udang intensif dan persepsi masyarakat dalam pengelolaannya di Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Provinsi Lampung. Master Thesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Dinas Perikanan. 2018. Statistik Perikanan Budidaya Kabupaten Karawang. Pemerintah Kabupaten Karawang. [Indonesian]
Hill R, Bellgrove A, Macreadie PI, Petrou K, Beardall J, Steven A, Ralph PJ. 2015. Can macroalgae contribute to blue carbon? An Australian perspective. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60:1689–1706. doi:10.1002/lno.10128.
Hilmi E, Parengrengi, Vikaliana R, Kusmana C, Iskandar, Sari LK, Setijanto. 2017. The carbon conservation of mangrove ecosystem applied REDD program. Regional Studies Marine Science. 16:152–161. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2017.08.005.
Kauffman JB, Arifanti VB, Trejo HH, Garcia MCJ, Norflok J, Cifuentes M, Hadriyanto D, Murdiyarso D. 2017. The jumbo carbon footprint of a shrimp: carbon losses from mangrove deforestation. Front Ecol. Environ. 1-6. doi:10.1002/fee.1482.
Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norflok J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Rep. Ecol. Apl. 24:518–527. doi:10.1890/13-0640.1.
Kauffman JB, Hernandez TH, Garcia CJM, Heider C, Contreras WM. 2015. Carbon stocks of mangroves and losses arising from their conversion to cattle pastures in the Pantanos de Centla, Mexico. Wetland Ecological Management. 24: 203–216. doi:10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z.
Komarudin RA. 2013. Model perubahan penggunaan lahan pesisir untuk mendukung rencana tata ruang wilayah Kabupaten Karawang. Master Tesis. Institut Pertanian Bogor.[Indonesian]
Liu H, Ren H, Hui D, Wang W, Liao B, Cao Q. 2014. Carbon stocks and potential carbon storage in the mangrove forests of China. Journal Environmental Management. 133: 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.037.
Martin DM, Piscopo AN, Chintala M, Gleason TR, Berry W. 2018. Developing qualitative ecosystem service relationships with the Driver- Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework: A case study on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecological Indicators. 84 (2018): 404-415. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.047.
Mitra A, Zaman S. 2015. Blue Carbon Reservoir of the Blue Planet. New Delhi: Springer.
Nellemann C, Corcoran E, Duarte CM, Valdés L, De Young C, Fonseca L, Grimsditch G. 2009. Blue carbon: The role of healthy oceans in binding carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. Norway.
Nopiana M, Yulianda F, Sulistiono, Fahrudin A. 2020. Condition of shore and mangrove area in the coastal area of Karawang Regency, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. 13(2): 553-569.
Noviyanti E, Rohmat D, Nandi. 2016. Pengaruh Usaha Budidaya Tambak terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Tambak di Kecamatan Cibuaya, Kabupaten Karawang. Antalogi Pendidikan Geografi. 4 (2): 1-14.
Pranoto AK, Haryani EBS, Amdani, Tanjung A. 2019. The impact of coastal degradation on mangrove ecosystem in North Karawang coastal area. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 278 012061 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012061.
Rahman, Effendi H, Rusmana I. 2017. Estimasi Stok dan Serapan karbon pada Mangrove di Sungai Tallo, Makassar Stock Estimation and Carbon Absorption of Mangrove in Tallo River, Makassar. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan. II: 19–28. doi:10.1111/gcb.13051.
Rifqi M, Widigdo B, Mashar A, Wardiatno Y. 2020. CO2 and CH4 flux from the water-air interface of three shrimp culture technologies. AACL Bioflux. 13(2):605-617.
Roscoe JT. 1975. Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York USA. 483 pp.
Semeoshenkova V, Newton A, Rojas M, Piccolo MC, Bustos ML, Cisneros MAH, Berninsone LG. 2016. A combined DPSIR and SAF approach for the adaptive management of beach erosion in Monte Hermoso and Pehuen Co (Argentina). Ocean and Coastal Management. 1-11 doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.015.
Sidik F, Lovelock CE. 2013. CO2 efflux from shrimp ponds in Indonesia. PLoS One. 8:2-6.
Siikamäki J, Sanchirico JN, Jardin, S, McLaughlin D, Morris D. 2013. Blue carbon: coastal ecosystems, their carbon storage, and potential for reducing emissions. Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 55:14–29. doi:10.1080/00139157.2013.843981
Sugiyono. 2008. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D (edisi pertama). Alfabeta. Bandung.
Svarstad H, Petersen LK, Rothman D, Siepel H, Wätzold F. 2008. Discursive biases of the environmental research framework DPSIR. Land Use Policy. 25: 116–25.
Valenti WC, Kimpara JM, Preto BL, Moraes-Valenti P. 2018. Indicators of sustainability to assess aquaculture systems. Ecological Indicators. 88:402-413. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068.
van Huylenbroeck G. 1995. Multicriteria analysis of the conflicts between rural development scenarios in the Gordon Districts, Scotland. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 38(3): 393-407. doi: 10.1080/09640569512931.
Widigdo B, Rifqi M, Mashar A, Nazar F, Wardiatno Y. 2020. The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in ponds. Biodiversitas. 21(11): 5170-5177. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d211123.
Penulis
RifqiM., WidigdoB., MasharA., NazarF., PrihutomoA. dan WardiatnoY. (2022) “Gaining Aquaculture Blue Growth with Low Carbon Emission Shrimp Farming Technology ”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 12(2), hlm. 363-371. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.12.2.363-371.
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